2. DNA Discovery - 1953 James Watson & Francis Crick Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins Important discovery

3. What is DNA? Definition DNA & chromosomes Cell nucleus Genetic information Proteins

4. DNA Structure Double helix 1. Twisted ladder 2. Compact Sides of ladder 1. Sugars and phosphates 2. No inheritance function

5. DNA Structure (cont.) Rungs of ladder 1. Two nitrogen bases 2. Adenine, thymine, guanine cytosine 3. Base pairs 4. Pattern of base pairs

6. DNA Replication DNA unzips Nucleotide 1. Sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base 2. Cell nucleus Nucleotides/unzipped strands Sugar & phosphates

7. Protein Synthesis Base sequence 1. Definition 2. 100-1,000 bases long 3. Forms a code 4. Examples (condensed) AGTTC = human muscle protein CGAGTTCG = human skin protein TAGGCT = earthworm protein CCAGATCGA = bacteria protein

8. agaagaggcc atcaagcaga tcactgtcct tctgccatgg ccctgtggat gcgcctcctg cccctgctgg cgctgctggc cctctgggga cctgacccag ccgcagcctt tgtgaaccaa cacctgtgcg gctcacacct ggtggaagct ctctacctag tgtgcgggga acgaggcttc ttctacacac ccaagacccg ccgggaggca gaggacctgc aggtggggca ggtggagctg ggcgggggcc ctggtgcagg cagcctgcag cccttggccc tggaggggtc cctgcagaag cgtggcattg tggaacaatg ctgtaccagc atctgctccc tctaccagct ggagaactac tgcaactaga cgcagcccgc aggcagcccc ccacccgccg cctcctgcac cgagagagat ggaataaagc ccttgaacc HUMAN INSULIN

9. Protein Synthesis (cont.) Problem 1. DNA in nucleus 2. Proteins built in cytoplasm RNA – ribonucleic acid 1. Ribose sugar 2. One side of ladder 3. Uracil not thymine

10. Protein Synthesis (cont.) Building a protein 1. DNA unzips 2. RNA reads code 3. RNA brings code to cytoplasm 4. Protein built on ribosome