1. 1 Chapter 16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 16.1 Functions of Proteins 16.2 Amino Acids 16.3 Amino Acids as Acids and Bases

2. 2 Functions of Proteins Proteins perform many different functions in the body.

3. 3 Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. contain a carboxylic acid group and an amino group on the alpha (  ) carbon. are ionized in solution. each contain a different side group (R). R side chain R │ + │ H 2 N—C —COOH H 3 N—C —COO − │ │ H H ionized form

4. 4 Examples of Amino Acids H + │ H 3 N—C—COO− │ Hglycine CH 3 + │ H 3 N—C—COO − │ Halanine

5. 5 Types of Amino Acids Amino acids are classified as nonpolar (hydrophobic) with hydrocarbon side chains. polar (hydrophilic) with polar or ionic side chains. acidic (hydrophilic) with acidic side chains. basic (hydrophilic) with –NH 2 side chains. Nonpolar Polar Acidic Basic

6. 6 Nonpolar Amino Acids An amino acid is nonpolar when the R group is H, alkyl, or aromatic.

7. 7 Polar Amino Acids An amino acid is polar when the R group is an alcohol, thiol, or amide.

8. 8 Acidic and Basic Amino Acids An amino acid is acidic when the R group is a carboxylic acid. basic when the R group is an amine.

9. 9 Learning Check Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar. + A. H 3 N–CH 2 –COO − (Glycine) CH 3 | CH–OH + │ B. H 3 N–CH–COO − (Threonine)

10. 10 Solution Identify each as (1) polar or (2) nonpolar. + A. H 3 N–CH 2 –COO − (Glycine) (2) nonpolar CH 3 | CH–OH + │ B. H 3 N–CH–COO − (Threonine) (1) polar

11. 11 Fischer Projections of Amino Acids Amino acids are chiral except glycine. have Fischer projections that are stereoisomers. that are L are the only amino acids used in proteins. L-Alanine D-Alanine L-Cysteine D-Cysteine CH 2 SH H 2 NH COOH CH 2 SH HNH 2 COOH CH 3 HNH 2 COOH CH 3 H 2 NH COOH

12. 12 A zwitterion has charged −NH 3 + and COO – groups. forms when both the –NH 2 and the –COOH groups in an amino acid ionize in water. has equal + and – charges at the isoelectric point (pI). O O ║ + ║ NH 2 —CH 2 —C—OH H 3 N—CH 2 —C—O – glycine zwitterion of glycine Zwitterions

13. 13 In solutions more basic than the pI, the —NH 3 + in the amino acid donates a proton. + OH – H 3 N—CH 2 —COO – H 2 N—CH 2 —COO – zwitterion Negative ion at pI pH > pI Charge: 0Charge: 1- Amino Acids as Acids

14. 14 In solution more acidic than the pI, the COO - in the amino acid accepts a proton. + H + + H 3 N—CH 2 —COO – H 3 N—CH 2 —COOH zwitterion Positive ion at pI pH< pI Charge: 0Charge: 1+ Amino Acids as Bases

15. 15 pH and ionization H + OH – + H 3 N–CH 2 –COOH H 3 N–CH 2 –COO – H 2 N–CH 2 –COO – positive ion zwitterion negative ion low pH pI high pH

16. 16 Separation of Amino Acids When an electric current is used to separate a mixture of amino acids the positively charged amino acids move towards the negative electrode. the negatively charged amino acids move toward the positive electrode. an amino acid at its pI does not migrate. the amino acids are identified as separate bands on the filter paper or thin layer plate.

17. 17 Separation of Amino Acids With an electric current, a mixture of lysine, aspartate, and valine are separated.

18. 18 CH 3 CH 3 + | | H 3 N—CH—COOH H 2 N—CH—COO – (1)(2) Which structure represents: A. Alanine at a pH above its pI? B. Alanine at a pH below its pI? Learning Check

19. 19 CH 3 CH 3 + | | H 3 N—CH—COOH H 2 N—CH—COO – (1)(2) Which structure represents: A. Alanine at a pH above its pI? (2) B. Alanine at a pH below its pI? (1) Solution