2. New Global Patterns World History: 1750 - Present

3. Tokugawa Japan New Global Patterns

4. Tokugawa Japan Japan had been in the control of the Tokugawa shoguns since 1603 The Tokugawas drove out foreigners and closed off trade with other countries

5. Tokugawa Japan The Tokugawas also forbade Japanese people to travel overseas Only the Dutch were allowed limited trade in a single port in Nagasaki

6. Tokugawa Japan Without international trade, Japan soon went into decline By the 1800s, Shoguns were no longer strong leaders and corruption was common

7. Japan Modernizes New Global Patterns

8. Japan Modernizes In 1853, the United States sent naval commander Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan He forced Japan to open its ports to trade

9. Japan Modernizes Japan had a 215-year-old policy of seclusion Some in Japan wanted to kick out the foreigners

10. Japan Modernizes Many others were impressed by the might of the U.S. navy and wanted to adopt western ways Once the U.S. had a foothold in Japan, many other European nations also joined

11. Japan Modernizes Many of the treaties that the Japanese signed with the U.S. and Europe were very unfair and angered many of the Japanese

12. Japan Modernizes In 1867, discontent daimyo and samurai led a revolt and removed the Tokugawas They “restored” 14-year-old emperor Mutsuhito to power

13. Japan Modernizes Mutsuhito had been emperor by title only When the daimyo restored Mutsuhito, he took the name Meiji, which means “enlightened ruler”

14. Japan Modernizes Emperor Meiji moved the capital from Kyoto to Edo Edo was renamed Tokyo, which meant “eastern capital”

15. Meiji Restoration New Global Patterns

16. Meiji Restoration Emperor Meiji’s reign lasted from 1868 to 1912 and is known as the Meiji Restoration During the Meiji Restoration, officials set out to study Western ways and adapt them to Japanese ways

17. Meiji Restoration The Meiji government sent representatives to Western governments to study their ways The government also brought experts from Western countries to Japan

18. Meiji Restoration The Meiji decided to adopt the German government model A constitution was adopted that declared all people equal before the law

19. Meiji Restoration Like the German system, it gave the emperor absolute power A legislature, known as the Diet, was formed

20. Meiji Restoration The Diet contained two houses The first house held elected officials The second house was made up of officials appointed by the emperor

21. Meiji Restoration Japan also ended the special privileges of the samurai In the past, samurai were the only warriors

22. Meiji Restoration The Meiji declared all men were subject to military service

23. Meiji Restoration The Meiji also modernized the economy They set up a modern banking system, built railroads, improved ports, and organized telegraph and postal services

24. Meiji Restoration To get industries started, the Meiji built factories and sold them to wealthy business families One of those families was the Kawasaki family

25. Meiji Restoration Due to the reforms, Japan became an industrial power It then set off to establish an overseas empire

26. Meiji Restoration Japan first set its sights on Korea The Korean peninsula had been a focus of China, Japan, and Russia for many years

27. Meiji Restoration Korea only had trade relations with China Korea had shut its doors to all foreigners, including Japan and Russia

28. Meiji Restoration Chinese power was declining in the 1800s, just as Japan was growing stronger In 1876, Japan used its superior power to force Korea to open its ports to Japanese trade

29. Meiji Restoration As Japan extended its influence in Korea, it came into conflict with China In 1894, competition over Korea led to the First Sino-Japanese War

30. Japan at War New Global Patterns

31. Japan at War To the surprise of China and the West, Japan easily won the war Japan gained control of Chinese ports and control over the island of Taiwan

32. Japan at War Russia and Japan began to feud over trade rights in Korea and also fought over control of Manchuria This set off the Russo-Japanese War

33. Japan at War Japan’s armies defeated Russian troops in Manchuria Japan’s navy, modeled after Britain’s navy, almost destroyed the entire Russian fleet

34. Japan at War In 1905, The United States, under President Teddy Roosevelt, worked out a peace treaty between Russia and Japan Russia accepted defeat and signed the Treaty of Portsmouth

35. Japan at War Japan gained control of parts of Manchuria It also gained control over Korea

36. Japan at War The Russo-Japanese War marked the first time that an Asian power defeated a European power

37. Japan Rules Korea New Global Patterns

38. Japan Rules Korea Japan made Korea a protectorate after the Russo-Japanese War This made Japan the defacto rulers of Korea

39. Japan Rules Korea In 1910, Japan annexed Korea and made it part of the Japanese empire Japan ruled Korea from 1910 to 1945

40. Japan Rules Korea Japan set out to modernize Korea, but most of the benefits went to Japan For example, Japanese technology allowed Korea to produce more rice than ever before, but most of it went to Japan

41. Japan Rules Korea The Japanese imposed harsh rule over their colony They tried to destroy the Korean language and take away freedoms from Koreans

42. Japan Rules Korea Nationalist movements began to swell in Korea On March 1, 1919, Koreans formed non- violent protests across the country It was known as the March First Movement

43. Japan Rules Korea The Japanese crushed the protest by massacring many Koreans The March First Movement became a rallying symbol for many Korean nationalists

44. Japan Rules Korea Regardless of the nationalist movement, the Koreans were not able to break away from Japan’s hold Japan continued to expand its empire throughout East Asia during the following years

45. Dutch East Indies New Global Patterns

46. Dutch East Indies During the early 1600s, the Dutch East India Company established bases on the island of Java and the Spice Islands The Dutch expanded to dominate the rest of the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia)

47. Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies produced valuable crops of coffee, indigo, and spices

48. Burma and Malaya New Global Patterns

49. Burma and Malaya In the early 1800s, rulers of Burma fought with the British The Burmese lost several wars and were finally annexed by Britain in 1886

50. Burma and Malaya Britain also expanded its empire in Malaya Britain used most of its resources in Malaya to develop the port city of Singapore

51. French Indochina New Global Patterns

52. French Indochina In the 1500s, Portuguese traders set up a trading center in present-day Vietnam Christian missionaries from France and other countries moved into Vietnam

53. French Indochina Vietnamese nationalists felt threatened by Christianity and began killing missionaries and converts In response to the violence and to gain more markets in the area, France invaded Vietnam in 1858

54. French Indochina By the end of the 19 th Century, France controlled Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia France and other Westerners referred to the countries as French Indochina

55. The Philippines New Global Patterns

56. The Philippines In the 1500s, Spain seized the Philippines Catholic missionaries spread Christianity among the Filipinos

57. The Philippines As the Catholic Church gained power and wealth, many Filipinos accused the Church of abusing its power By the late 1800s, nationalism was growing

58. The Philippines In 1898, Spain and the United States went to war It was called the Spanish-American War

59. The Philippines The Spanish-American War broke out when the US tried to help Cuba win its independence from Spain

60. The Philippines The US navy was sent to destroy the Spanish fleet, located in the Philippines Filipino rebels declared their independence from Spain

61. The Philippines US and Filipino forces joined together and defeated the Spanish After the war, the Filipinos expected the US to recognize their independence

62. The Philippines In the treaty that ended the war, the US agreed to give Spain $20 million in exchange for the Philippines

63. The Philippines The treaty caused a huge debate in the US Imperialists wanted to join Europeans in competition for territory

64. The Philippines Anti-imperialists wanted the US to stay away from foreign entanglements The US Senate ratified (accepted) the treaty by one vote

65. The Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo led a nationalist revolt against the US from 1899 to 1901 Thousands of Americans and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died

66. The Philippines In the end, Americans crushed the revolt The US did try to modernize the Philippines through education and improved health care

67. The Philippines The US built dams, roads, railways, and ports The US also promised Filipinos a gradual transition to self-rule in the future

68. Hawaii New Global Patterns

69. Hawaii In the mid-1800s, American sugar growers pressed for more power in the Hawaiian Islands Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani tried to reduce foreign influence

70. Hawaii In response, American planters overthrew her in 1893 The planters then asked the US to annex Hawaii, which it did in 1898

71. Hawaii Supporters of annexation argued that if the US did not take Hawaii, then Britain or Japan would By 1900, the US, Britain, France, and Germany claimed nearly every island in the Pacific

72. End Part I