1. Review & Preview 2/5/16 Review Chapter 1 Theories of human development
What is a theory? Why are theories important?
Basic issues in development
Continuous or discontinuous
One course or many
Nature vs. nurture
Different types of influences on development
age-graded, history-graded, nononormative
What is resilience? What are some factors that relate to resilience?
Theories of human development
Video: Journey Into Life

2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth–1 year
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
1–3 years
Initiative vs. guilt
3–6 years
Industry vs. inferiority
6–11 years
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Early adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Late adulthood

3. Behaviorism
Traditional Behaviorism Pairing of conditioned stimulus with unconditioned stimulus to produce a behavior classical conditioning Use of reinforcers or punishment to increase or decrease the likelihood of repeating a spontaneous behavior operant conditioning Social Learning Theory Emphasis on modeling, imitation, or observational learning

4. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Table 1.2
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5. Ecological Systems Theory
Figure 1.5 Structure of the environment in ecological systems theory
Figure 1.5

6. Other major theories
Information Processing: views the mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience: examines connections between brain development and behavior
Ethology: considers how behavior patterns promote survival
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory: focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation, particularly through cooperative dialogue

7. Journey Into Life video vocabulary
genes
DNA
chromosomes
mitosis
sex cells
meiosis
sex chromosomes
Conception
zygote
embryo
fetus
identical and fraternal twins

8. Preview Chapter 2 Genetic foundations Reproductive choices
Environmental contexts for development
Understanding the relationship between heredity and environment
Chapter 3
Prenatal development
Threats to development
Childbirth
The newborn baby
Video: The Baby Human – To Talk

9. Chapter 4 Quiz
1) At birth, the _________ is nearer its adult size than any other physical structure, and it continues to develop at an (astounding/slow) pace throughout infancy and toddlerhood.
2) Provide at least three benefits provided by breast milk over formula. a. b. c.
3) (Gross/fine) motor development refers to control over actions that help infants get around in the environment, while (gross/fine) motor development refers to smaller movements. 
 
4) True or False: Vision is one of the best developed senses at birth and experiences little change during infancy and toddlerhood.

10. Chapter 5 quiz
1) During Piaget’s _________________ stage, which spans the first 2 years of life, infants and toddlers “think” with their eyes, ears and hands.
1) According to Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, complex mental activities have their origins in ___________________________. Through joint activities with (less/more) mature members of their society, children come to master activities and think in ways that have meaning in their culture.
3) True or False: Scores on infant intelligence tests are excellent predictors of intelligence beyond early childhood.
4) What is telegraphic speech? Provide an example.

11. Chapter 6 quiz
 1) Which of Erikson’s stages occur during the Infancy/Toddler period?
2) T/F Infants come into the world with the ability to clearly express basic emotions.


3) Match each style with the appropriate description, according to Thomas and Chess.
_____  Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, in a) slow-to-warm
generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. b) easy
______ Is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental c) difficult
stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
_____  Is irregular is daily routines, is slow to accept new experience
and tends to react negatively and intensely.
4) ______________ is the strong affectionate tie that we have to special people in our lives.