1. Music Appreciation: The History of Rock Chapter 1: Elements of Music

2. Music is…... The art of combining tones or sounds Organizing sound (melody, harmony, words, rhythms, and beat) to please the human ear.

3. Listening types: Passive listening: Listening to music while doing other things. Active listening: Listening to music while directly paying attention to it.

4. Why the Study of Music is Important: 1) Part of our daily lives (know more about everyday things) 2) Soothes and Relaxes the soul (music therapy philosophies) 3) Allows us to communicate better with our fellow man

5. The Six Major Elements of Music 1) Sound 2) Harmony 3) Melody 4) Rhythm 5) Form 6) Text (Words)

6. 1) Sound Includes source/instrumentation, timbre (tone color), texture and volume

7. The Four areas used to identify SOUND in Rock Music are: 1) Source (instrumentation)- what is being played, what is used to contribute to the types of sounds 2) Timbre (tone color)- think of the adjectives you’d use to describe a voice.

8. Sound…continued. 3) Texture  Monophonic- single voice or instrument  Unison- same melody, same notes and pitch  Homophonic- principal line with one or more instruments/voices as backup to that line.  Polyphonic- several melodies occurring all at once in different parts or instruments. 4) Volume- dynamic level (soft or loud).  Crescendo- gradually louder  Decrescendo or diminuendo- gradually softer

9. 2) Harmony The way that sounds are combined to create a piece of music. The use of intervals (scales) and chords that add depth to the musical line. Chord progression- the combination of sounds (notes like F, A, C create a major chord, etc.)

10. Scales- from scala in Italian, meaning “ladder” Provides the basic harmonic and melodic material for a given piece of music. A selection of pitches within the interval of an octave. Major scales (diatonic) pattern: WWhWWWh in steps. Tonic- the home key, original note. Semitone- a half-step (ex. Bb to B, one note to the next on a piano) Also called chromatic. Whole step- two half-steps Enharmonic- Same note, different name, like A# and Bb.

11. Chords Harmony occurs when two different notes are played simultaneously. Three or more pitches at the same time produce a chord. The first, third and fifth notes of a scale form a chord. Same for the 2 nd, 4 th, 6 th, etc. Tonic chord- based on the first scale degree. Dominant chord- based on the fifth scale degree. Subdominant chord- based on the fourth scale.

12. Chord progressions Most rock progressions follow the progression of: I, IV, V, I Many country songs use the same. Blues progressions- 12 bar blues is very common (in Chapter 2) A common, but more complex chord pattern is called a descending minor progression: Tonic, to Subtonic, to Submediant, to Dominant.

13. Modal progressions Modes are based on scales, but they start on different notes of the scale. Ionian (C-C) – also called the Major scale Dorian (D-D) Phrygian (E-E) Lydian (F-F) Mixolydian (G-G) Aeolian (A-A) – also called the minor scale Locrian (B-B)

14. 3) Melody A musical line that has a succession of single notes that have a beginning, middle and an end. In melodies, look for:  Range (wide or narrow)  Motion (conjunct or disjunct)  Shape (ascending, descending or static)

15. 4) Rhythm Relationship between music and time- the “heartbeat” of music. Tempo is known as the musical pace. Meter is the way in which pulses are organized. Beats are organized into measures. Three levels of musical time:  Background time- pulse or beat  Middle-ground time- meter and tempo, duple, triple, quadruple  Foreground time- the surface rhythm, short and long durations that give a melody it’s character. Syncopation- occurs when a strong beat occurs on a weak beat.

16. 5) Form Design and structure of a musical work. It helps the listener keep track of the units of music that are used to make a song.  Standard form: most often AABA, ABAB, or ABAC  Strophic form: Verses set to the same music, but the words change verse to verse. (Think about Blues and Folk Songs)  Through-Composed form: Follows the form of the text or words. There is no repetition of previously- heard material.

17. 6) Text (words) Convey and idea which the listener can relate to his or her life. Two things we look for in song text are:  The sentiment (emotions or feelings) and the mode (the way the song is presented- as a narrator, 3 rd person) of the text. The verb tense informs the listener as to when the action of the song takes place.

18. Five families of musical instruments: 1) Woodwind 2) Brass 3) Percussion (keyboards also) 4) Stringed 5) Electronic

19. Musical Advancements by Technology 1) Recording Industry- Invention of the grammaphone, records, radio, tape/8 tracks, CD and.mp3 files 2) Use of synthesizers and electronics in performance and recording. 3) Computers (creating, writing, producing and playback)

20. Scientific classifications of Musical Instruments: 1) Idiophones- vibrating mass of material (most percussion instruments). Usually struck, shaken, plucked or rubbed. 2) Membranophones- sound produced by vibrating skin (percussion instruments) 3) Aerophones- movement of air causes vibrations  1. Brass- vibration of lips/air in a mouthpiece  2. Reed- vibration of reed by air  3. Flutes/Whistles- air column vibrates, splits.

21. Scientific classifications of Musical Instruments continued…. 4) Chordophones- string vibrates to produce a sound  1) Zithers  2) Lutes  3) Lyres  4) Harps

22. Scientific classifications of Musical Instruments continued 5) Electrophones- sound is produced by electric means  1) Amplification  2) Generating frequencies  3) Differences of 2 frequencies  4) Digital means- assigned to a frequency (MIDI)