1. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 President Carter’s approval rating, 1977-1980 Source: Reprinted with the permission of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Updated with data from CBS/New York Times polls, April, June, and August 1980. Human rights foreign policy launched Panama Canal treaties signed Bert Lance resigns Camp David I “shape-up” meeting Eqypt-Israel peace treaty signed Camp David III consultations with leaders Major Cabinet shake-up Societ troops invade Afghanistan Iowa precinct caucuses held Failed rescue attempt Begin-Carter-Sadat Camp David II summit talks and agreements Moderate Democratic losses in mid-term congressional elections Carter announces anti-Soviet measures Florida caucuses won by Carter Seizure of U.S. embassy and hostages in Tehran 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1977197819791980 Year Rating (%)

2. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: From the New York Times, May 7, 1996, p. A21. Copyright (c) 1996 by the New York Times Company. President Clinton’s approval rating, 1993-1996 Seeking Approval President Clinton’s approval ratings, determined by The Gallup Poll, and what was happening at some of the high and low points Aug. 12, 1994 The President’s anti-crime bill is shelved by the House in a procedural move. Jan. 5, 1996 A 21-day partial shutdown of the Government ends with a temporary spending measure. Sept. 22, 1993 President Clinton announces his health-care proposal in a speech to Congress. June 3, 1994 President Clinton withdraws Lani Guinier as his nominee for Assistant Attorney General for civil rights. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1993199419951996 Year Percent

3. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Data source: Female presidential candidate: Surveys by American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup), 1937-1971; National Opinion Research Center, General Social Surveys, 1972-1989. Married women in business: Surveys by the Roper Organization for Fortune, 1945; American Institute of Public Opinion )Gallup, 1970; National Opinion Research Center, General Social Surveys, 1972-1991. Changing attitudes in America: Voting for a black presidential candidate 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1958196119641967197019731976197919821985198819891991 Year Percent

4. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: Surveys by the Gallup Organization, 1958-1969; National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago, 1974-1991.. Changing attitudes in America: Voting for a female presidential candidate/ approving of married women in business Female presidential candidate Married woman in business 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1945194919531957196119651969197319771981198519891993 Year Percent

5. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Religious beliefs around the world Source: International Social Survey Program study conducted among 19,000 respondents in 14 countries; Record (Bergen County, NJ), May 18, 1993, p.A14. Reprinted with permission. 05101520253035404550556065707580859095100 New Zealand Slovenia Israel Norway Poland N. Ireland Ireland Italy Hungary Netherlands United States Great Britain Former E. Germany Former W. Germany Percent Believe in God Believe in life after death

6. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Percentage of high school seniors who said that “you can’t be too careful” in dealing with people. Young people’s rising distrust Sources: Monitoring the Future Surveys of High School Seniors. University of Michigan, as reported in The Washington Post, June 2, 1996, p. C5. Reprinted with permission.. 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 1975198019851990 Year Percent 1992

7. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

8. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Is the press too adversarial? Source: Times Mirror Center for The People & The Press, The People, The Press, and Their Leaders (Washington, D.C.: The Times Mirror Center for The People and The Press, 1995), p.9. Reprinted with permission 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Talk radioLocal media National media General public Opinion leaders Percent who say this is a valid criticism

9. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Media too focused on misdeeds of public figures Source: Times Mirror Center for The People & The Press, The People, The Press, and Their Leaders (Washington, D.C.: The Times Mirror Center for The People and The Press, 1995), p.27. Reprinted with permission Percent who say this describes journalists 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Local press National press Talk radioGeneral public Opinion leaders

10. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Washington media: political leanings How would you characterize your political orientation? Moderate to conservative 7% Conservative 2% Liberal 22% Moderate 30% Liberal to moderate 39% Source: Wall Street Journal, May 29, 1996, p.A20. reprinted with permission.

11. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Washington media: political leanings Source: Wall Street Journal, May 29, 1996, p.A20. reprinted with permission. What is your current political affiliation? 4% 9% 37% 50% Republican Other Independent Democrat How would you characterize your political orientation? Moderate to conservative 7% Conservative 2% Liberal 22% Moderate 30% Liberal to moderate 39%

12. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Washington media: political leanings Source: Wall Street Journal, May 29, 1996, p.A20. reprinted with permission. Did you vote for Bill Clinton, George Bush, Ross Perot, or some other candidate? 2% 7% 89% Other Perot Bush Clinton 50% What is your current political affiliation? 4% 9% 37% Republican Other Independent Democrat How would you characterize your political orientation? Moderate to conservative 7% Conservative 2% Liberal 22% Moderate 30% Liberal to moderate 39%

13. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Acceptance of homosexuality, national press vs. general public Source: Times Mirror Center for The People & The Press, The People, The Press, and Their Leaders (Washington, D.C.: The Times Mirror Center for The People and The Press, 1995), p.36. Reprinted with permission 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 General PublicNational Press Percent who accept homosexuality

14. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Party identification of journalists: 1973, 1982, and 1996 Source: The Freedom Forum and the Roper Center. Data appeared in The Wall Street Journal, May 29, 1996, p.A20. Reprinted with permission of New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. DemocratsRepublicansIndependents 35.5 36.5 50 25.7 18.6 4 32.5 39.1 37 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 197119831996197119831996197119831996 Year Percentage of journalists who identify with party

15. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Source: Maura Clancy and Michael Robinson, “General Election Coverage,” Part 1, Public Opinion (December/January 1985), p. 50. Reprinted with the permission of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. Good press/bad press TV -- news seconds for each candidate in the presidential election Total Reagan/Bush = 730 GPNS / 8740 BPNS Total Mondale/Ferraro = 1970 GPNS / 1450 BPNS 730 1,330 640 7,230 1,050 1,510 400 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 ReaganMondaleBushFerraro News seconds Good press Bad press

16. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Network coverage of Democrats vs. Republicans: percentage of positive soundbites, 1994 congressional elections Source: Media Monitor, Nov/Dec 1994. DemocratsRepublicans 43%31% n = 408n = 410 Total by Network ABC CBS NBC 43% n=198 44% n=104 42% n=106 39% n=164 20% n=125 31% n=121

17. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Should abortion be legal? Source: Gallup Poll, July 25-28, 1996. Used by permission. Question: With respect to the abortion question, would you consider yourself to be pro-choice or pro-life? (Continued on next slide) Mixed/Both/Don’t Know What Pro-ChoicePro-LifeNeitherTerms MeanNo Opinion Sex Female52%38424 Male54%35272 Sex/Education Female No college37%47628 Some college59%35330 College graduate73%24030 Male No college51%35374 Some college56%34073 College graduate54%35263 Politics Democrat67%22263 Republican40%53340 Independent52%35346

18. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Should abortion be legal? Source: Gallup Poll, July 25-28, 1996. Used by permission. (Continued from previous slide) Question: Now on the issue of abortion, do you think abortions should be legal under any circumstances, legal only under certain circumstances, or illegal in all circumstances? (Asked of those who replied “certain circumstances,”) Do you think abortion should be legal under most circumstances or only in a few circumstances? AlwaysSome CasesNeverNo Opinion 25%58%15%2%

19. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Public opinion on the courts, 1965- 1994 Sources: 1965-1969, December 1972; Gallup survey; 1981; Los Angeles Times survey; others: General Social Survey, from Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Policy, 5th ed. (Washington: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995). Used by permission. a DateToo HarshAbout RightNot Harsh EnoughDon’t Know April 19652344816 August 19652276012 February 19682196316 January 19692137410 March 19727166611 December 1972413748 March 1973513739 March 1974566029 March 1974610787 March 1975410797 March 1976310816 March 197738836 March 197837855 March 198038836 January 1981313 March 1982 777 457614 March 198238864 March 198346854 March 1984311824 March 198539843 March 198638854 March 1987312796 March 1988410825 March 198939844 March 199039835 March 1991411805 March 1993310816 March 199438855

20. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Ideological positions -- some representative examples LeftLiberalConservativeRight MagazinesThe NationThe New RepublicNational ReviewHuman Events The ProgressiveThe WashingtonPolicy ReviewAmerican Spectator Mother Jones MonthlyFirst Things DissentMs.Commentary PressureInstitute for PolicyAmericans for Young Americans groups Studies Democratic Action Constitutional for Freedom National Lawyers’People for the ActionConcerned Women Guild American WayAmerican Taxpayers of America National Organization Union for Women PoliticiansRev. Jesse JacksonSen. Edward KennedyRep. J. C. WattsSen. Jesse Helms Rep. Ronald Dellums (D–Mass.) (D–Okla.) (R–N.C.) (D–Calif.)President Bill ClintonBill BennettRev. Pat Robertson Rep. Maxine WatersRep. Richard GephardtJack KempPatrick Buchanan (D–Calif.)(D–Mo.) CelebritiesEd AsnerPaul NewmanGeorge WillRush Limbaugh Dick GregoryBetty FriedanWilliam F. Buckley Jr.Phyllis Schlafly Oliver StoneBill MoyersCharlton HestonRev. Jerry Falwell Woody HarrelsonChristopher Reeve From McKenna: The Drama of Democracy, 3rd Ed.

21. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Media elite attitudes on social issues Source: S. Robert Lichter, Stanley Rothman, and Linda S. Lichter, The Media Elite: America’s New Power-brokers (Bethesda, MD: Adler & Adler, 1986), p.29. Reprinted with permission. Economics Big corporations should be publicly owned13% People with more ability should earn more86 Private enterprise is fair to workers70 Less regulation of business is good for U.S.63 Government should reduce income gap68 Government should guarantee jobs48 Political alienation Structure of society causes alienation49 Institutions need overhaul28 All political systems are repressive28 Sociocultural Environmental problems are overstated19 Strong affirmative action for blacks80 Government should not regulate sex97 Woman has right to decide on abortion90 Homosexuality is wrong25 Homosexuals shouldn’t teach in public schools15 Adultery is wrong47 Foreign policy U.S. exploits Third World, causes poverty56 U.S. use of resources immoral57 Goal of foreign policy is to protect U.S. businesses50 CIA should sometimes undermine hostile governments45 Agree

22. American Government McGraw- Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998 Substance vs. politics; Sources where each is discussed Source: Media Monitor, Center for Media and Public Affairs. Reprinted with permission. Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 SubstantivePolitical TV News Ads Speeches