1. Chapter 14 Forging the National Economy Unit 4: Jacksonian America and Antebellum Reform

2. Chapter Themes Growth, movement and shifts in American population Changes to American economy due to Industrialization Industrialism’s impact on workers, women and children Possibilities and problems with the industrial economy

3. Movement West

4. Pioneer Life Self Reliance Myth vs. Reality Isolation Environmental Impact – Kentucky Blue Grass

5. Changes in Fur-Trapping Rendezvous system Decline of the beaver Buffalo Otters Ecological Imperialism

6. Nascent Preservation Movement

7. Population Growth

8. Changing Complexion of America

9. Reasons for Immigration from Europe Movement within Europe – 40% of immigrants did not come to the U.S. Running out of room – “Surplus” people Freedom and opportunity Transoceanic travel was swift and relatively inexpensive

10. Immigration

11. Irish Immigrants Hatred of British Irish famine – potato crop failure – Settled in Boston and New York Poverty NINA “Biddies” - house servants “Paddies” – manual labor Ancient Order of the Hibernians Molly Maguires Political influence

12. German Immigrants Uprooted farmers displaced by crop failures Some political refugees seeking democratic society Modest means – moved to Midwest – Model farms Scattered population limited political influence

13. German Contributions Conestoga Wagon Kentucky Rifle Christmas Tree Isolationism Kindergarten and education Abolitionist Preservation of language and culture

14. Antiforeignism Growing diversity led to clashes Nativists Protestants v. Roman Catholics – Catholic educational system Know-Nothing Party Awful Disclosures and other propaganda

15. The Know Nothings

16. Mechanization Industrial Revolution in England Industrial growth was slow in America – Cheap land – Scarce labor (until immigrant population boom) – Limited capital investment – Poor quality production – British monopoly on textile machinery Slater’s photographic memory

17. Cotton Gin Cotton picking/processing time consuming and expensive Cotton gin led to economic transformation in both North and South

18. Early Industrial America Cotton Kingdom stretches west – South remains agrarian New England factories – Poor land for farming – Numerous streams – Dense population – Accessible markets Eventually spread throughout the North

19. Growth of Industrial America Lack of imports: – Embargo – Nonintercourse – War of 1812 – “Buy and wear American” Treaty of Ghent and British dumping – Tariff of 1816 Factory system and interchangeable parts

20. Encouraging Innovation Patents – legal protection for ideas Limited Liability – forerunner of the corporation – Investors financial risk is limited to his initial investment Telegraph McCormick’s reaper Colt firearms Goodyear vulcanized rubber products

21. Workers and “Wage Slaves” Old system – Small shops, homes – Master craftsmen and apprentices Factory System – Inequitable benefits – Long hours – Low wages – Unsanitary conditions – Unions were forbidden by law

22. Labor Exploitation Child labor – Under ten – “Mentally blighted, emotionally starved, physically stunted” – Abused Adult workers – Jacksonian reforms gave laborers (male) the vote – Democrats – Rise of trade unions – Commonwealth v. Hunt MA Supreme Court

23. Women and the Economy Promise of economic freedom Earn money to buy manufactured goods 6 days per week, 12-13 hours per day Domestics, nursing, teaching were primary jobs Cult of domesticity – Glorification of the homemaker

24. Social Changes of Industrialization Love matches Close knit families Smaller families – Early birth control – Domestic feminism Child centered families

25. Revolutions in Farming Westward expansion – Corn and wheat Hogs Steel Plow McCormick Reaper Subsistence farming gave way to large scale food production

26. Infrastructure Waterborne commerce and undeveloped roads Need for improvements – Lancaster turnpike – State’s rights opposition to federal infrastructure projects – North feared population drain – National Road – Steamboats

27. Clinton’s Big Ditch Erie Canal – Began in 1817 and finished in 1825 – Buffalo to Hudson River – Increased land values – Birth of new cities – Other canals

28. Railroads Cheaper and easier to develop than canals First appeared in 1828 and spread quickly Need for standardized gauge Other innovations – Better brakes – Sleeping cars – Time zones

29. Transportation Revolution Trans-atlantic cabel Clipper ships – Speed – Short lived supremacy Pony Express Return trips for steamboats

30. Market Revolution Continental economy Legal and regulatory concerns – Development of monopolies (Marshall) – Good of the community (Taney) Competition Household evolution from seat of production to refuge from work Growth of cities – Economic inequity