1. Summary of Session 3: Challenges and Opportunities in Addressing High GWP HFC in Mobile Air Conditioning Gursaran D. Mathur, Ph.D., P.E. Fellow SAE, ASHRAE, ASME Technical Specialist, Climate Control Sr. Manager, Test & Development Calsonic/Nissan North America Farmington Hills, MI, USA United Nation’s HFC Management Workshop and 35 th OEWG Bangkok, Thailand April 21 st, 2015

2. HUN’s HFC Management Workshop Overall Summary

3. HUN’s HFC Management Workshop  One global refrigerant (HFC-134a) – a very unique situation for MAC industry  MAC sector is only one sector in the world that has been regulated!  This sector started the phase-out of HFC-134a (GWP of 1460) much earlier than other sectors  MAC sector represents approximately 20% of the total global usage of HFC-134a  A number of low GWP refrigerants suitable for MAC systems have been investigated by this sector Overall Summary Current Situation

4. HUN’s HFC Management Workshop  Some of the refrigerants investigated are: HFO-1234yf; R- 744 (CO 2 ); R445A; R-152a; R-290; R600a; etc.  Refrigerants evaluated for heat pump systems for HEVs and EVs  Some refrigerants are better suited for heat pump application  HFO-1234yf with a GWP of 4 seems to be the winner at this time  Approximately 3 million vehicles with HFO-1234yf have been produced until the end of 2014 Overall Summary Current Situation

5. HUN’s HFC Management Workshop  Still various options available on hand  We have many challenges as we have many barriers for selection a refrigerant:  Safety issues – Code & Regulations  Energy Efficiency  Cost  Applicability at high ambient condition  Technician training and certification  We all need to work together to ensure we have one global solution for our industry for reducing CO 2 emissions!! Overall Summary Next Steps Thank you!!