1. Advance Safety Management System - Concepts Session 3 IATA Training & Development Institute 1

2. SAFETY = ?

3. Safety (Aviation) ? Air Safety: Nothing But Blue Skies by Prof Arnold Barnett IATA Training & Development Institute3

4. 4 Safety Management System SAFETY + MANAGEMENT + SYSTEMS End Objective How we manage For the End Objective The tools to reach the End Objective* Three Separate Components of our Subject

5. IATA Training & Development Institute5 The First Element-Safety What is Safety? To fully understand “Safety Management” we first need to understand what we are managing for What do we mean by “Safety" as we define it? Safety The state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management Ref:SMM-ICAO-FirstEd-2006,Sec. 1.2.3.

6. Elements of our definition Notice some of the key elements of safety (as defined by ICAO)  It is a state of relative risk of harm – not an absolute  The state of risk is an “acceptable level”  Risk must be reduced AND MAINTAINED at the “acceptable level”  Hazard Identification & risk management are the tools IATA Training & Development Institute6 But this is only a basic starting point

7. Safety-Redefined  More than the absence of accidents or incidents  More than freedom from danger or risk  More than the degree to which risks inherent in aviation are “acceptable”  More than the process of “hazard identification and risk management”  More than an active and pro-active safety program* IATA Training & Development Institute7 Safety is more – it is Multi-Dimensional Safety is more than all of these also

8. Safety Is…. IATA Training & Development Institute8 An Attitude What we digest inwardly we exhibit instinctively outward*

9. Safety as a pro-active attitude  Safety is always the overriding consideration in all aviation activities SMM-ICAO First Ed-2006, Sec 1.4.1  Trouble in the air is very rare, it is hitting the ground that causes problems Amelia Earhart, “20 Hrs 40 Min” 1928 IATA Training & Development Institute9

10. Any questions? IATA Training & Development Institute10

11. IATA Training & Development Institute11 Elements of a Safety Management System We must examine how to manage for the “Acceptable Level” SAFETY + MANAGEMENT + SYSTEMS End Objective How we manage For the End Objective THREE SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF OUR SUBJECT WE ARE HERE

12. IATA Training & Development Institute12 Differentiate Between Programs and Systems SAFETY PROGRAMS Integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SMS)  Organized approach to managing safety to include  Necessary organizational structures  Accountabilities – (Who monitors what)  Policies and procedures THIS manages THIS is a part of

13. IATA Training & Development Institute13 Ascertaining What is an “Acceptable Level of Safety” THE PRESENTTHE PAST Reactive Mine our existing data to search for trends & repetitive events Proactive Predictive Examine existing operations to search for trends & repetitive events & non-linear occurrences Real time analysis to search for deviations from pre-determined norms A full functional Safety Program utilizes all three and all the time THE PRESENT

14. IATA Training & Development Institute14 Management of Safety Systems – Third Component of Safety Management SAFETY + MANAGEMENT + SYSTEMS End Objective How we manage For the End Objective The tools to reach the End Objective* Three Separate Components of our Subject WE ARE HERE

15. Three Helpful Concepts (Tools) to Assist You  80-20 Rule  Power Curves  Double Feedback Loops IATA Training & Development Institute15 The Tools Enable in Ascertaining What is an “Acceptable Level of Safety”

16. The 80-20 Rule - Pareto Principal  Although admitted not scientific it is nevertheless  Very closely aligned with the laws of nature  Used extensively in total quality control, six sigma and XYZ- analysis (widely used in logistics)  Widely used in computer science in the area of resource optimization Practical application determining your Acceptable Level of Safety - Identify your 20% causes IATA Training & Development Institute16 Named after the Italian economist the principal observes 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes

17. IATA Training & Development Institute17 80-20 Rule Three Principal Methods of Analysis Visualized THE PRESENTTHE PAST Reactive Mine our existing data to search for trends & repetitive events  USE THE 80-20 RULE  Actively search for the 20% root causes of 80% of the incidents

18. IATA Training & Development Institute18 Power Curves Power Curve distributions are highly scientific FREQUENCY MAGNITUDE Lots of frequent and low impact events Few infrequent but High impact events FOCUS ON THESE Power curves follow the 80-20 rule mathematically

19.  Use Power Curves  Look for the infrequent but high impact events IATA Training & Development Institute19 THE PRESENTTHE PAST Reactive Mine our existing data to search for trends & repetitive events Proactive Examine existing operations to search for trends & repetitive events & non-linear occurrences Power Curves

20. IATA Training & Development Institute20 Double Feedback Loops FEEDBACK LEADS TO AN UPDATED SAFETY SYSTEM REAL WORLD INFORMATION FEEDBACK REAL TIME SAFETY MONITORING AMENDED PERCEPTION OF REAL WORLD DECISIONS NEW SAFETY STRATEGY, SAFETY GOALS & DECISION RULES LOOP ONE LOOP TWO  Information feedback is the key to this

21. IATA Training & Development Institute21 THE PRESENT THE PAST Reactive Mine our existing data to search for trends & repetitive events Proactive Predictive Examine existing operations to search for trends & repetitive events & non-linear occurrences Real time analysis to search for deviations from pre-determined norms  Utilize Double Feedback  To give real time deviations Double Feedback Loops

22. Examine Your Own Safety Program  “Be Reactive” and use your historical data to see if you can spot trends  80-20 rule can be helpful  “Be Proactive” and analyze your current activity  80-20 rule and power curves can be helpful  “Be Predictive” by actively expanding your Safety Management System to be real time analysis  Double Feedback Loop is helpful IATA Training & Development Institute22 Analyze your own data using these tools

23. Safety Management Systems ICAO Minimum System Requirements  System – Organized set of processes & procedures  “States shall require, as part of their safety programme, that an [operator,maintenance organization, ATS provider, certified aerodrome operator] implements a safety management system accepted by the State that, as A MINIMUM:  Identifies safety hazards  Ensures that remedial action necessary to maintain an acceptable level of safety is implemented  Provides for continuous monitoring and regular assessment of the safety level achieved  Aims to make continuous improvement to the overall level of safety IATA Training & Development Institute23

24. IATA Training & Development Institute24  An accepted safety management system shall clearly define lines of safety accountability throughout the [airline, maintenance, ATS provider, certified aerodrome operator] organization, including direct accountability for safety on the part of senior management Ref: ICAO GUIDANCE ON MINIMUM SMS REQUIREMENTS is contained in the ICAO Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859).  Accountability – Obligation of willingness to accept direct responsibility  This is an enormous Management obligation Safety Management Systems ICAO Minimum System Requirements

25. IATA Training & Development Institute25 Safety Management Systems REGULATIONPRODUCTION Government Regulator Big Concern – Public Safety ORGANIZATION Safety Management System Oversight Big Concern – Management of Safety Systems & Compliance ORGANIZATION Operations & Production Big Concern – Commercial Objectives Risk Management Safety Assurance Oversight

26. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 1. Safety is Shared  Experience  Knowledge  Perspective and Concern  The wider the input the greater the awareness IATA Training & Development Institute26

27. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 2. Affirmative Obligation to Develop an SMS  There is an affirmative obligation on Operators to develop and to implement a safety program in order to achieve an acceptable level of safety in all aviation activities IATA Training & Development Institute27

28. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 3. Safety Management  Safety management is the diligent and disciplined implementation of the overall Safety Program  Safety management is a skill IATA Training & Development Institute28

29. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 4. Accountability is an Essential Element  ICAO minimum Safety Management System requirements for direct safety management stipulate that accountability is an essential element and important reminder of the responsibilities (and risks) of safety management  Direct Accountability = Direct Responsibility IATA Training & Development Institute29

30. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 5. There is a paradigm shift in Safety Management  From Prescriptive-Based:  Prescriptive regulations – Prescribe (and pre-define) what the safety requirements are and how they are to be met  To Performance-Based:  Performance based regulations – Specify the outcome (safety requirements to be met), but provide flexibility in terms of how safety requirements are met. Outcome and results based evaluation. IATA Training & Development Institute30

31. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 6. This paradigm shift is placing increasing emphasis on Predictive Analysis  Predictive (Real time analysis) depends on (i) technology and (ii) a responsive feedback system  THESE TWO FACTORS WILL BECOME INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN THE FUTURE IATA Training & Development Institute31 Look for deviations from system boundaries Predictive Analysis Captures system performance in real-time as it happens Predictive method (Real Time Analysis)

32. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 7. When utilizing Information Feedback, it is very important to make new safety strategy, safety goals and new safety decision rules based on the feedback IATA Training & Development Institute32 ©AURION®2008 No copy permitted REAL WORLD INFORMATION FEEDBACK AMENDED PERCEPTION OF REAL WORLD DECISIONS NEW SAFETY STRATEGY, SAFETY GOALS & DECISION RULES

33. 10 Key Ideas to Remember 8. Safety is Multi-Dimensional (no limits) 9. Safety is an Attitude (no limits) 10. Safety is always the overriding consideration in all aviation activities (no limits)  3 Safety ideas without limits IATA Training & Development Institute33 All of these 10 key ideas are essential for our understanding of Safety and the organization SMS

34. Safety Defined Again  We have already defined Safety as … The state in which the risk of harm to persons or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of  hazard identification and  risk management  Let us simplify this a little IATA Training & Development Institute34

35. Elements of Safety  A State – Not a condition, but a state which can disappear at any time  In which the state of harm is reduced - Reduction an ongoing and continual objective  Below and acceptable level - Not at an acceptable level, but below an acceptable level  Through a continual process of - This process is continual and ongoing  Hazard Identification and Risk Management - Core competencies of any SMS system  Let us look further on these two core competencies… IATA Training & Development Institute35

36. Any questions? IATA Training & Development Institute36

37. Exercise 1 - Dryden Case Study Discus the Cause(s) of Accident Using James T Reasons Swiss Cheese Model