1. ERUPTION OF TWO VOLCANOES IN KAMCHATKA (RUSSIA) THREATENS PEOPLE AND AVIATION SAFETY OCTOBER 22-27, 2010 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. EXPLOSIVE VOLCANOES

3. Shiveluch and Klychuvsko, two explosive volcanoes located on Russia's far-eastern Kamchatka Peninsula, emitted lava flows and massive ash clouds into the air in October, forcing flights to divert and blanketing Ust-Kamchatsky, a small town with ash...

4. KAMCHATKA AREA

5. KAMCHATKA’S VOLCANOES

6. . The two erupting volcanoes, which are part of the string of volcanoes encircling the Pacific Ocean called the "Ring of Fire," began erupting on October 22 and 27, respectively.

7. . NOTE: It is not clear whether the volcanic activity on Kamchatka is directly related to the eruption of the Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia on October 26 th

8. Kluchevskoy, the largest active volcano in Eurasia at 4,750 m above sea level, is a part of the Kluchevskaya Kopka group of volcanoes designated as a UNESCO Cultural Heritage Volcano Site..

9. KLYCHUVSKO VOLCANO: KAMCHATKA

11. Ash clouds from Kluchevskoy and Shiveluch reached 33,000 feet (10 km) and spread 1,250 km east across the Pacific Ocean, prompting warnings and rerouting of jet aircraft in the USA, Japan, and other locations..

12. SHIVELUCH VOLCANO: KAMCHATKA

13. VOLCANO HAZARDS

14. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) VERTICAL PLUME ASH AND TEPHRA LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

15. KLYCHUVSKO’S AND SHIVELUCH’S ASH CLOUDS

16. VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) LAVA FLOWS LAHARS EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) “VOLCANIC WINTER”

17. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK CASE HISTORIES

18. Volcanic ash blanketed the town of Ust-Kamchatsk, located 45 miles (70 kilometers) east of Shiveluch and 75 miles (120 kilometers) northeast of Klyuchevskaya Sopka, reducing visibility to only a few meters and turning buildings ghostly white

19. Public offices, businesses, and schools in Ust-Kamchatsk were closed, but the people were not evacuated after a judgment call declared that there was not a high health risk.

20. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

21. IMPACTS OF ASH ON AVIATION AND HEALTH UNACCEPTABLE RISK LAHAR DAMAGE LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS; DEATHS RISKRISK

22. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING RISK FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS FORECASTS OF ERUPTIONS MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., DEFORMATION, SEISMICITY, GAS EMISSIONS, REMOTE SENSING, WINDS) WARNING SYSTEMS DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF VOLCANOES RISK MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT DATABASES FOR EACH VOLCANO COMPUTER MODELS OF VOLCANOES RISK MAPS DISASTER SCENARIOS HAZARD ASSESSMENT RISK ASSESSMENT