1. Materials Science

4. Stuff – The Materials the World is Made of by Ivan Amato

5. Discipline of Materials Science & Engineering Utilize Principles of Physics and Chemistry to Understand and Advance Knowledge of Solid Materials Traditional Areas: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites New Areas: Biomaterials, Nanomaterials

6. Materials Scientists & Engineers Study the Relationship Between Structure, Properties, and Processing of Materials Structure Properties Processing Materials

7. crystal an object with a regularly repeating arrangement of its atoms unit cell the simplest and smallest arrangement of atoms that can be repeated to form a particular crystal slip plane a surface along which layers of atoms can slide Terms

8. amorphouscrystalline

10. Unit Cells Constructed simple cubic body-centered cubic – BCC face-centered cubic – FCC hexagonal close packed – HCP BCC, FCC, and HCP are the most common crystal structures in metals

11. Simple cubic Face centered cubic Body centered cubic Hexagonal closest packed

12. Most Common Metal Crystal Structures BCC Body Centered Cubic FCC Face Centered Cubic HCP Hexagonal Close Pack

13. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/sphere9.swf Simple cubic http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/sphere10.swf FCC http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/sphere8.swf BCC UNIT CELLS

14. Workability Which crystal structure is more workable? Many slip planes or few slip planes? Tightly packed or loosely packed? (more or less “gappiness”?)

15. Crystal Structure and Workability Type of crystal structure Closely packed? Many slip planes? Workability FCC BCC HCP

16. Type of crystal structure Closely packed? Many slip planes? Workability FCCYesYesHighest BCC HCP

17. Type of crystal structure Closely packed? Many slip planes? Workability FCCYesYesHighest BCCNoYes HCP

18. Type of crystal structure Closely packed? Many slip planes? Workability FCCYesYesHighest BCCNoYes HCPYesNo

19. Type of crystal structure Closely packed? Many slip planes? Workability FCCYesYesHighest BCCNoYesMedium HCPYesNoLowest

20. BCCFCCHCPOther ChromiumAluminumCobaltManganese Iron (<912°C) CalciumMagnesiumTin MolybdenumCopperTitanium SodiumGoldZinc Tungsten Iron (>912°C) Lead Nickel Platinum Silver Crystal structures and metals

21. Mechanical Properties Examples workability malleability – can be flattened ductility – can be drawn into wire (stretched), bent, or extruded

22. Metal Property Changes Make it from different “stuff” Material Selection Disrupt the crystal structure Work Hardening, Cold Work Add different stuff to it Alloying Cool at different rates quench, anneal, temper

23. Dislocation (Line Defects ) regions in crystals where atoms are not perfectly aligned – an extra partial plane can move a small number make a metal more workable a large number make a metal harder to work dislocations can get “jammed” or “pinned” makes the metal harder = work- hardening

25. Alloys Mixture of metals or Metals and other elements

26. Treatment  ControlAnnealQuenchTemper Meaning of process XXXX Bobby pin High Carbon content Paper clip Low Carbon content HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL

27. response to force or stress workability (malleability and ductility) Brittleness breaks instead of deforming Hardness resistance to denting or scratching elasticity and plasticity Toughness resistance to fracture ability to absorb energy strength resistance to distortion by stress Mechanical properties

28. WORK HARDENING- to strengthen a material by reshaping it while the part is cold. Heat Treating FORGING- shape or form metal by beating or hammering it ANNEALING - heat to red hot, air cool - metal is heated and cooled so that crystal can reform. - softens metal by relieving stress QUENCHING/ HARDENING - Steel - heat to red hot, quench in cool water - rapid cooling of metal (in water or oil) locks atoms into place in an unstable crystal structure - strengthens metal but brittle TEMPERING - Steel - heat to red hot, quench, re-heat to blue, air cool - heating material so atoms re-orient themselves - removes brittleness but keeps strength

29. Actual Applied Nitinol

30. Materials selection

31. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFAGPyQ8-D8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk-CD4UOpj8 Iron allotropes--- thermally manipulated Allotropes Different crystal structures of the same substance http://science360.gov/obj/video/19bd995d-4ff6- 44c6-83ca-d3bac9bc8f6d/diamonds-pencils- buckyballs-look-buckminsterfullerene Carbon allotropes http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2015/10/30/orig-ff- strongest-material-graphene- pioneers.cnn/video/playlists/pioneers-orig/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19nzPt62UPg

32. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

33. amorphouscrystalline

34. Borax = sodium borate decahydrate Heat the crystal and the water is driven out and then the crystal begins to lose its shape

35. Smarter every day PRdrop https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xe-f4gokRBs

36. CERAMICS Inorganic material with non-metallic properties made from raw materials mined from earth or chemically synthesized Metals or semi-metals (metalloids) strongly bonded to non-metals

37. Elements Used  All metals  Most semimetals – especially silicon  Some nonmetals  Mostly oxygen, and nitrogen  Also sulfur and phosphorus

38. History of Ceramics  Some claim ceramics were used in Japan 13,000 years ago  Evidence shows wide usage 6500 BC.  Glazed pottery in Egypt 4000 BC.  Glass beads in Egypt 2500 BC.  Fiber Optic 1960  Photovoltaic Cell 1965  Superconductor 1987

39.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CqT4DuAVxs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6CqT4DuAVxs  How optical fiber is made https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_kA8EpCUQo corning

40. Superconductors

41. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines use superconductors to deliver a strong enough magnetic field so that hydrogen atoms in the body's fat and water molecules will pick up energy from the field which can then be detected by special instruments. SQUIDS (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) can be used like an MRI, but without the need for a strong magnetic field. They can detect magnetic fields of infinitely small magnitudes. They can also be used for extremely precise motion detection.

42.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4XEQVnIFmQ&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4XEQVnIFmQ&feature=related  How superconducting levitation works http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIwbrZ4knpg&feature=related Maglev trains https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPqEEZa2Gis Mobius strip

43. Polymers  Poly – many  Mer - parts  Long (gargantuan) chain molecules made of many smaller repeating units…perhaps as many as 100,000 repeats, often times tens of thousands http://ed.ted.com/lessons/from-dna-to-silly-putty-the-diverse-world-of-polymers-jan-mattingly polymers are

47. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE4c1gwzPb4 Premolds http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/09/03/work-art-crayola- turning-markers-into-fuel/

48. Polymers  Thermoplastic  Melts with heat  Thermoset  Sets with chemical reaction  Elastomer  Is elastic