3. WHAT IS UPANAHA?  Word Upanaha is derived by adding the upasarga ‘upa’ to ‘nah’ dhatu which means bandhana(bandaging).  Upanaha is done by binding the leather strap paste of roots of vata mitigating drugs macerated with a sour liquid and added with more salt and fats, made unctuous and tied on the body comfortably warm.  %pnahae bNxnm!, - Arunadatta  %pnah> bhl< lep< dTva cmaRid भि rav&Ty VyaixyuKta<gSy bNxnm!. chakrapani

4. ACCORDING TO CHAKRAPANI SANKAR t त्र y> saiGn रु pnah> s s, SAGNI ySTvniGnbRhlTven श ir र ae:mrae ध, NIRAGNI Use of external heatUse of internal heat

5. ACCORDING TO SUSHRUTA PRADEHA (local application of paste) SANKARA/ POTTALI ( bolus) BANDHANA(pates is covered by bandage) UPANAHA

6. Use of Sneha (oils) Snigdha Without using sneha- use of Gomutra(cow urine) etc. Ruksha

7. Salvan

8. EFFECT ON DOSHAS Kevala Vata : Vachadi Upanaha : Upanaha Sweda with the medicines described in the Vachadi yoga. Pitta samsrishta vata : Upanaha with Padmakadi gana dravyas (Kakolyadi gana of Sushruta). Kapha samsrishta vata: Upanaha with the dravyas of Surasadi gana A.H.Su.17/2-3

9. W HICH DRUGS CAN BE USED FOR UPANAHA ? Vacha Shunthi Devdaru Shatapushpa Rasna Eranda Masha Punarnava Sarshapa Godhum Yavachurna Tagaradi gandhadravyas Jivanti Atasi Kushtha Kanji Kinva Nimbu swarasa  Gomutra  Arka  Eranda  Nirgundi  Dhattura  Snuhi  Kakolyadi gana  Surasadi gana  Eladi gana

10. UPANAHA AVACHARANA VIDHI 1. Purva karma: In Purvakarma the patient with calm & quiet mind who have followed Dinacharya, is allowed to sit in a suitable position according to the part in which the Sweda should be performed. Then prior to the Swedana therapy Snehana is done (external) with suitable medicated or non-medicated Snehas. Nivata Griha should be selected for the procedure in order to avoid wind & discomfort. All the instruments for the Pradhana & Paschat karmas should be collected.

11. 2. P RADHANA KARMA : After proper oleation of the diseased part, Pradhanakarma is performed. It includes the following steps. Powder form of the drugs used should be prepared. Nirasthi Pishita Mamsa (crushed boneless meat) prepared & taken in a clean vessel. Vehicles for mixing the powder i.e. Taila, Paya(milk), Takra(butter milk), Kinwa etc are taken in the quantity required. Fresh leaves which pacify Vata Dosha are taken & washed very well. (most commonly the leaves of Arka). The leather skin of animals with Snigdha Guna & Ushna Veerya is specified in classics.

12. If the Upanaha desired is of Sagni type then the powder along with its vehicles & Saindhava salt in a suitable amount is heated after proper mixing. If it is of Anagni type, the powdered form of drugs is mixed with the vehicles without heating & made into a thick paste. Nirasthi Pishita Mamsa is added in sufficient quantity in both procedures.

13. The paste is then applied over the diseased body part in a proper thickness.

14. Vatahara Patra like Arka should be slightly warmed in oil & Saindhava.

15. Then these Patras should be applied over the paste.

16. Then Bandhana is applied over it by cotton bandage.

17. W HERE TO DO UPANAHA ? Vata-rogi Akunchita (Contractures) Gatra Rujarta (Painful) Gatra Stabdha (Stiffness) Gatra Su.chi.4

18. In vata-kaphaja shopha (swelling) AadaeE ivMlapn< kuyaRd! id!vtIy< Avsecnm! t&tIy< %pnah< tu … In Vranshoph (wound) chikitsa Su.chi.1 sushruta

19. T IME OF APPLICATION Upanaha tied in night should be removed in morning & that tied in day should be removed in night. Time of application of Upanaha can be extended in Shita Ritu (winter)

20. M ODE OF ACTION OF UPANAHA SWEDA ySTvniGnbRhlTven श ir र ae:mrae ध, chakrapani Arteriolar vasodilation- This is the process of relaxation of smooth muscles in arteriolar wall allowing increased blood flow through the artery. This redirects the blood into the superficial capillaries in the skin increasing heat loss by convection & conduction. Body needs to maintain a mean temparature for internal organs therefore it attempts to set an equillibrium.

21. C ONTINUOUS HEAT & OLEATION Continuous heating with mild heat of the affected part as in arthritis is the need of therapy that is achieved by Upanaha, which makes continuous drainage of inflammatory mediators. If theory of absorption of Sneha through skin in deeper tissues is accepted then Snigdha Upanaha is the best mode to provide continuous oleation which is enhanced by dilation of channels by heat. Also the absorbing Sneha effect may be improved with Virya Of Upanaha Dravyas.

22. R OLE OF ARKAPATRA / CHARMA Charma - Bad conductor of heat Arka -Xerophytes are those plants that live in arid conditions, and have elaborate structural and physiological modifications that reduce water loss. Desert plants show high stomatal resistance, to reduce water loss. Arka Leaf anatomy-  thickness- 1.2 mm  leaves coated with cuticle of various thicknesses  tiny scales densely present

23. W HY LAVANA IN UPANAHA ? Salt & temperature lead to considerable decrease in interfacial tension behavior (IFT) of oil/ water interface

24. Direct heating of the affected part in Sagni type thus improving the organ circulation.

25. W HAT CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF ARKA ? Any xerophyte having Large surface area Water retention capacity, thus preventing heat loss Preferably thick leaves. Woolen cloths CH. SU. 14