1. DNA Technology How DNA is Analyzed in today’s world?

2. DNA Technology Uses  Since discovery of DNA in 1953, scientists have analyzed the structure of DNA.  DNA fingerprinting - test to identify & evaluate the genetic information in living cells.  DNA analysis used for: –Crime, forensics, disease, genetics, paternity.

3. The First Step  Stage 1: Cells are broken down Cells are broken down to release DNA to release DNA If only a small amount of DNA available, it can be amplified or duplicated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) If only a small amount of DNA available, it can be amplified or duplicated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

4. PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction  Makes copies of small fragments of DNA to work with.

5. Stage 2  The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes. Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence for all organisms.

7.  The sections of DNA that are cut out are called restriction fragments.  This yields thousands of restriction fragments of all different sizes because the base sequences being cut may be far apart (long fragment) or close together (short fragment).

8. Stages of DNA Profiling Stage 3:  Fragments are separated by size using process called gel electrophoresis.  DNA fragments injected into wells and electric current is applied along gel.

9. Electrophoresis  DNA is negatively charged so it is attracted to the positive end of the gel.  DNA is separated on basis of size.  The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer fragments.

12. Stages of DNA Profiling  A radioactive material is added which combines with the DNA fragments to produce a fluorescent image.  A photographic copy of the DNA bands is obtained.

13. Stages of DNA Profiling Stage 4: –Patterns or bands are formed in the gel from small and large fragments. –Patterns are unique to each individual and can be used to prove or disprove paternity, guilt or innocence of a crime, determining evolutionary history, etc paternity

15. Uses of DNA Profiling  DNA profiling is used to solve crimes & medical problems

16. Crime  Forensic science is the use of scientific knowledge in legal situations.  The DNA profile of each individual is highly specific.  The chances of two people having exactly the same DNA profile is 30,000 million to 1 (except for identical twins).

17. Biological materials used for DNA profiling  Blood  Hair  Saliva  Semen  Body tissue cells  DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a condom during sexual intercourse.

18. DNA Profiling can solve crimes  The pattern of the DNA profile is then compared with those of the victim and the suspect.  If the profile matches the suspect it provides strong evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene (NB:it does not prove they committed the crime).  If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then that suspect may be eliminated from the enquiry.

19. Whose going to the slammer?

22. Solving Medical Problems DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a particular person is the parent of a child. A childs paternity (father) and maternity(mother) can be determined. This information can be used in Paternity suits Paternity suits Inheritance cases Inheritance cases Immigration cases Immigration cases

23. Example: A Paternity Test  By comparing the DNA profile of a mother and her child it is possible to identify DNA fragments in the child identify DNA fragments in the child which are absent from the mother and must therefore have been inherited from the biological father.

24. Whose the Daddy?

25. Practical Uses of DNA Technology 1. Pharmaceuticals 2. Genetically engineered vaccines 3. Increasing crops 4. Crops that don’t need fertilizer 5. Genetically engineered foods

26. GMOs Genetically Modified Organisms

27. Manipulating DNA  Genetic Engineering -process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism.  Reading the Genetic Code –DNA extraction –Cutting and Labeling DNA –Separating DNA –Reading the DNA sequence –Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)

28. Transgenic Organisms - organism that contains genes from other organisms Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Plants Transgenic animals Produce clotting factors insulin HGH Stronger plants More production Pest resistance More production

29. Transforming Animal Cells  Can be transformed similar to plants.  Some eggs are large enough to physically inject new DNA by hand. Which can “Knock Out” a gene  Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms.  Making onions glow using jellyfish DNA.  Using bacteria to make human insulin.  Using genetic modification to improve food supply known as GM foods.

30. Cloning – creating an identical copy  member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell

31. “Dolly, 1 st mammal clone”  “Dolly” was an important break through not just because she was a mammal.  Frogs were cloned back in 1950’s  Why was dolly so special? –Research and answer this question for me.

32. CC the Cloned Cat Embryo that became CC was the only one of 87 embryos produced in this research project that developed into a full-term pregnancy after being transferred to surrogate mothers.pregnancy Born at the College of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M UniversityTexas A&M University CC, for "CopyCat" or "Carbon Copy" [1] (born December 22, 2001), is a brown tabby and white domestic shorthair and the first cloned pet. [1]tabbydomestic shorthairclonedpet

33. Human Genome Project  1990-2006  2 goals: 1. Determine the nucleotide sequence of entire human genome 1.3 billion nucleotide pairs, 100,000 genes 2. Map location of every gene on each chromosome

34. Benefits Compare human genome with other species to give information on: 1. Organization of genome 2. How gene expression controlled 3. Control of cell growth and differentiation. 4. How evolution occurs