1. Rise of Nationalism

2. I. The Congress of Vienna Napoleon had tried to take over most of Europe, but eventually he was removed from power. The Congress of Vienna was held to enable European powers to create a peace settlement. They wanted to establish a balance of power in Europe so no single country would dominate, like France had.

3. II. Forces of Change There were several political philosophies represented at the Congress of Vienna Conservatism –Valued tradition, social stability, organized religion Liberalism –Valued constitutions, representative government, separation of church and state Nationalism –believed each nationality (group with shared language and customs) should have its own government

4. The Congress of Vienna focused on the “Principle of Intervention” which allowed them to restore the rulers they felt were legitimate They used this principle to justify redrawing the map of Europe and restoring royal families. These actions were based on conservatism, so liberalism and nationalism led to some revolutions

5. III. Unification in Europe Germany and Italy were both able to unify during the 19 th century. Italy unified under the leadership of Piedmont (northern Italy) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (southern Italy). Germany unified under the leadership of William I and Otto von Bismarck (Prussia). Bismarck and William I Garibaldi

6. IV. International Rivalries Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance in 1879 for protection against France. In response, France, Russia, and Great Britain formed the Triple Entente (French for “alliance”). Europe was now divided into two opposing sides.

7. V. Nationalism in the U.S. Liberalism and nationalism were written into the U.S. Constitution, but Federalists wanted a strong central government and Republicans wanted the states to hold more power.

8. The U.S. was divided over the issue of slavery; the economy of the South depended on it, but many in the North thought it should be abolished.

9. The split over slavery eventually caused the South to secede, creating the Confederate States of America. The secession led to the Civil War (1861- 1865) in which the Confederacy was defeated and slavery was abolished.