1. Mitosis and Meiosis Biology II

2. Warm-up (11-3-15) What are mitosis and meiosis? Why are there two processes? What is the difference?

3. Outline for the day Objectives The Double Helix Video

4. Objectives To introduce the topic of mitosis and meiosis and begin the description of cell division.

5. DNA and RNA review notes http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/genetics/ notes_DNA.html http://www.biologycorner.com/bio2/genetics/ notes_DNA.html

6. Warm up (11-4-15) Why is cell division important to the cell? What has to happen in order for a cell to divide?

7. Outline Objectives Cell Cycle Notes

8. Objectives To determine what the cell cycle is and what its purpose is.

9. The Cell Cycle What is it? What are the parts? What is cell division? Why is cell division important?

10. Cell Division Rudolf Virchow – German Physician – All cells must come from a previously existing cell – 1855 – Part of cell theory In order to have cells reproducing, they have to go through cell division (reproduction of cells)

11. Cell Division Can either produce an entire organism or just a small portion of one. – Give an example of a situation where cell division produces an entire organism… Think of the differences between cells… we have both unicellular and multicellular organisms Why is it important? – Renew and repair damaged cells – Growth of an organism (think of how babies begin… how many cells are they at first?)

12. Cell Cycle Life of a cell from first formation through cell division What is produced at the end of the cell cycle? – Identical daughter cells with identical genetic material – What is an evolutionary significance of having identical genetic information? – What might an evolutionary disadvantage be of having identical genetic information?

13. Cellular Organization Genome: cell’s DNA or genetic information – Prokaryote: a single long DNA molecule – Eukaryote: a number of DNA molecules Overall length of DNA is very long in eukaryotes Chromosomes: package of DNA molecules – Each eukaryote has a unique number of chromosomes…. How many do humans have? Somatic cells: have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes Gametes: only have 23 chromosomes…. Why is this important??

14. Distribution of Chromosomes Chromatin: makes up chromosomes in eukaryotes, DNA and its associated proteins Sister chromatids: compose a duplicated chromosome – Each contain identical DNA – In condensed form, it has a center region where the sister chromatids are most closely attached called the centromere – After separation, they are individual chromosomes

15. Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis vs. Meiosis Mitosis: division of the nucleus, production of somatic cells Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm Meiosis: production of gametes, daughter cells are not identical to parent, they only have one set of chromosomes

16. Is a cell always dividing? Phases of the cell cycle – Mitotic (M) phase Mitosis and cytokinesis Typically the shortest part of the cell cycle – Interphase 90% of cell cycle – Cell grows, replicates DNA, prepares for cell division 1.G1 phase (first gap) 2.S phase (synthesis) 3.G2 phase (second gap) – Cell grows, produces proteins, produces organelles 4.finally, comes the Mitotic phase (not part of interphase)

18. Stages of Mitosis 1.Prophase 2.Prometaphase 3.Metaphase 4.Anaphase 5.Telophase 1.Cytokinesis overlaps with the later stages of mitosis

19. Look at the pictures!! Check out the diagram and discuss what you notice. What are some of the interesting defining characteristics during each of the phases? Now look at the worksheet. It will help walk you through the different stages of mitosis

20. Warm up (11-5-15) What are the stages of the Cell Cycle? What is the advantage of the cell cycle?

21. Outline Objectives Cell Cycle and Cell Division Notes

22. Objectives To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

23. Warm up (11-6-15) Do you think all cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate? Give an example of cells that you think reproduce quickly

24. Outline Objectives

25. To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

27. Regulation of Mitosis There is a checkpoint system built into the cell cycle. – Molecular control – G2 checkpoint – M phase checkpoint Separation of sister chromatids cannot begin until lined up at metaphase plate and attached to spindle fibers Why is it evolutionarily beneficial to have the regulation of mitosis? – What does having checkpoints help prevent?

29. Haploid vs. Diploid Haploid The daughter cell has half of the number of chromosomes as the parent cell Diploid The daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

30. Meiosis Meiosis I – Looks similar to mitosis Meiosis II – Creates a haploid cell

32. Understanding the Genetic Code Sequencing DNA and Coding for Proteins http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/ http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molec ules/

33. Warm up (11-9-15) What are the four phases of mitosis and what happens during each phase?

34. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis Video Simulations Notes Mitosis and Meiosis

35. Objectives To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division.

36. The Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis http://www.bozemanscience.com/028-cell- cycle-mitosis-and-meiosis http://www.bozemanscience.com/028-cell- cycle-mitosis-and-meiosis

37. Meiosis Animation http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/meiosis.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/meiosis.html

40. Warm up (11-10-15) Think of why each of the phases in mitosis is evolutionarily significant. In other words, how are each of these phases an adaptation that allows a cell to be better suited for its environment?

41. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab prep

42. Objectives To determine how cell division occurs and the steps that must happen during cell division. To prepare for the mitosis and meiosis Lab by gaining background information from the lab manual

43. Warm up (11-11-15) Judging by what you know about mitosis and meiosis, what is an evolutionary advantage to having haploid cells? Think of a situation where having haploid cells might not be advantageous.

44. Outline Objectives Twizzler Mitosis and Meiosis

45. Objectives To prepare for the mitosis and meiosis Lab by gaining background information from the lab manual

50. Cell Cycle and Cell Division http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html Mitosis vs. Meiosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM

51. Twizzler Mitosis and Meiosis

52. Warm up (11-12-15) What is the purpose of the mitosis and meiosis lab? In your lab notebooks, write a hypothesis about what you think will occur in this experiment

53. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab prep Virtual Lab

54. Objectives To demonstrate the mitosis and meiosis Lab by showing the students exactly what they will be doing in the lab for the rest of the week

55. Cell Cycle and Cell Division http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html Mitosis vs. Meiosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM

56. Virtual Lab!! http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/labbench/ http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/labbench/

57. Warm up (11-13-15) What is one thing that is really important to remember while doing the mitosis and meiosis lab? What do you think, just by reading the procedure and the background information is something we, as practicing scientists, could do to assist with experimental design?

58. Outline Objectives Virtual Lab Mitosis and Meiosis lab

59. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

60. Cell Cycle and Cell Division http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_ce ll_division.html Mitosis vs. Meiosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGVBAHA sjJM

61. Virtual Lab!! http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/labbench/ http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_pl ace/labbench/

62. Warm up (11-16-15) As practicing scientists, what are some suggestions we can make to improve our personal experimental design to reduce the number of errors? For example, think about our methods and procedures

63. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab

64. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

65. Warm up (11-17-15) Draw the 4 major phases of mitosis. Be sure to label what is happening in each phase

66. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab

67. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

68. Warm up (11-18-15) Explain how this experiment might be helpful in determining the rates of mitosis in plant cells and why knowing those rates is useful.

69. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab

70. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

71. Warm up (11-19-15) In humans, explain what happens during meiosis. Be sure to include starting and ending numbers of chromosomes and numbers of cells.

72. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab

73. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.

74. Warm up (11-20-15) Think about how to determine the amount of time that the cell spends in each phase of mitosis. Do you think this is accurate? Why or why not? Support your answer. Write down what you remember from mitosis and meiosis unit – Think about diploid, haploid, what happens when cell division doesn’t stop, think about the different phases of each type of division

75. Outline Objectives Mitosis and Meiosis lab

76. Objectives To begin the meiosis and mitosis lab, to gain a deeper understanding of the individual phases of mitosis and meiosis by looking at onion root cells.