1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each:
What ware Napier’s bones?
Ans: John Napier designed a system of calculating rods for quick multiplication and division.They were square in cross section and a set consisted of nine rods, numbered 1 to 9.
Which types of calculating could be done using Stepped Reckoner?
Ans: Stepped Reckoner was devised to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and to find square root.

2. In what respects was Babbage’s design of Analytical Engine similar to that of a modern computer?OR
Why is Charles Babbage called the father of the computer?
Ans: Charles Babbage designed of Analytical Engine has an input device, a unit for mathematical calculations, a control unit, a memory and an output device. Which were similar to that of a modern computer.

3. What is meant by computer generations?
Ans: The development of digital computers is often divided into stage or generations. Each generation is characterized by remarkable improvements over previous generation in the technology used to build computers.
Why were first generation computers huge in size?
Ans: First generation computers were made up thousand of vacuum tubes so they were huge in size.

4. How did the invention of transistor benefit computers
How did the invention of transistor benefit computers? OR What characteristics make a transistor better than a vacuum tube? Ans: Transistors are far superior to vacuum tubes they were occupied less space, consume very little power and produce less heat.

5. Match the columns:
(1) First generation vacuum tubes.
(2) Second generation Transistors
(3) Third generation Integrated Circuits
(4) Fourth generation Microprocessor
(5) Fifth generation Artificial Intelligence

6. Fill in the blanks: (1) The _______was the earliest calculating aid.
(2) Napier bones consisted of a set of ______ rods.
(3) Before the invention of electronic calculator, scientists used the ______ Rule to carry out numerical calculations.
(4) The invention of ___________ fed to the development of electronic computers.
(5) Programs for first generation computers were initially written in ______ language.
(6) _______circuits were used to make third generation computer.
(7) The graphical user interface and mouse was introduced in ______ generation computers.

7. Fill in the blanks:
(1) The abacus was the earliest calculating aid. (2) Napier bones consisted of a set of nine/9 rods. (3) Before the invention of electronic calculator, scientists used the Slide Rule to carry out numerical calculations. (4) The invention of vacuum tubes fed to the development of electronic computers. (5) Programs for first generation computers were initially written in machine language. (6) Integrated circuits were used to make third generation computer. (7) The graphical user interface and mouse was introduced in fourth generation computers.

8. State whether the following statements are true or false:
(1) Charles Babbage is known as the father of computer because he designed the first digital computer. Ans: False (2) The invention of transistors made of computer smaller but slower. (3) FORTAN and COBOL were used in first generation computers. Ans: True (4) Keyboard and operating system were introduced in the third generation computers. (5) The microprocessor uses VLSI technology. (6) Firth generation computer are being developed to have artificial intelligence.