1. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. C H A P T E R 9 Visualization and Graphics

2. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.1 The Theory of Projection: central perspective.

3. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.2 The Theory of Projection: orthographic projection.

4. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.3 Step block surrounded by the “glass box.”

5. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.4 The “glass box” unfolded to show the front, top, and right side views.

6. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.5 Orthographic views labeled and displayed in the wrong orientation.

7. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.6 The six principal orthographic views of the step block.

8. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.7 First (I) and third angle (III) orthographic projections.

9. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.8 A line of an object defined as an edge view of a surface.

10. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.9 A line of an object defined as the intersection of two surfaces.

11. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.10 A line of an object defined as the limiting element of a curved surface.

12. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.11 Hidden lines of an object represented with thin dashed lines.

13. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.12 Treatment of centerlines of cylindrical objects.

14. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.13 Treatment of centerlines of objects with radii.

15. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.14 Three common standard line types used in engineering drawing and their priority.

16. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.15 Orthographic views of an object showing line precedence.

17. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.16 Rotate your paper to sketch inclined (angled) lines using horizontal sketching technique.

18. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.17 Example technique for sketching circles.

19. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.18 Examples of pictorial sketches.

20. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.19 Orthographic views of the slotted block.

21. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.20 Step-by-step method of creating an isometric sketch of slotted block.

22. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.21 Step-by-step method of creating an oblique sketch of slotted block.

23. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.22 Creating a sketch of slotted block with an inclined surface.

24. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.23 Holes in pictorials appear as ellipses.

25. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.24 Step-by-step method of creating an ellipse on a horizontal surface.

26. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.25 Step-by-step method of creating an ellipse on a profile (right-side) surface.

27. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.26 Step-by-step method of creating an ellipse on a frontal surface.

28. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.27 Example of an object with principal surfaces.

29. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.28 Example of an object with an inclined surface.

30. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.29 Example of an object with an oblique surface.

31. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.30 An object composed of a cylinder and a prism showing limiting elements of a curved surface and a run out where the prism meets the cylinder.

32. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.31 Comparison of a common ruler and an engineer’s scale.

33. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.32 Measuring the distance between two points using the 10 scale on an engineer’s scale.

34. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.33 Measuring the distance between two points using the 20 scale on an engineer’s scale.

35. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.34 Measure the distance of each line in inches using the given drawing scale.

36. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.35 Measuring the distance between two points using the 1:1 scale on a metric scale.

37. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.36 Each measurement scale can be used to measure in multiples of 10.

38. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.37 Measuring the distance between two points using the 1:2 scale on a metric scale.

39. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.38 Measure the distance of each line in mm using the given drawing scale.

40. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.39 Locating points using two-dimensional rectangular coordinates.

41. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.40 Axes for a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system.

42. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.41 Oblique three-dimensional axis arrangement for use with a CAD system.

43. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.42 Isometric three-dimensional axis arrangement for use with a CAD system.

44. William C. Oakes/Les L. Leone/ Craig J. Gunn Engineering Your Future: A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering, 7/e Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 9.43 Using a CAD three-dimensional coordinate system to sketch an object.