1. Drugs Acting on the Gastrointestinal tract

2. GIT related disorders Other disorders In appetence Diarrhoea Acids
Appetite stimulants
Different drugs
Diarrhoea
Acids
Antidiarhoeal
Antiacids
Indigestion
Constipation
Laxatives and cathartics
Digestants
Vomiting/Emesis
Emetics/antiemetics

3. Introduction Most of the GIT disorders are related with motility
Non specific treatment of GIT disorders may be useful by
- Correction of fluid and electrolyte balance
- Rest of the GIT
- Diet modification
- Provision of nutritional support
- Alleviation of visceral pain

4. Appetite stimulants Benzodiazepines Cyproheptadine Glucorcorticoids
Bitters
Zinc

5. Appetite stimulants Benzodiazepines - Diazepam - Oxazepam
Mode of action- Stimulation of GABA
Clinical use – Most in cats, less in Horses, dogs and goats
Admn – Oral

6. Cyproheptadine
It suppreses the satiety center in the brain by acting as serotonin and Histamine (H1) antagonist
Clinica use – in cats and human, not in dogs
Adverse effects – Excitement and aggressive behavior in some cats

7. Glucocorticoids Examples - Prednisolone - Dexamethazone
Mode of action – may be induce euphoria
Adverse effects – Immunosuppression and gastric ulcers may result

8. Bitters
These are plant derived compounds containing alkaloids such as Nux vomica
Mode of action – They stimulate salivation

9. Zinc
It is essential for the sensation of taste; therefore zinc supplements may increase appetite in zinc-deficient animals

10. Anorexigenic substances
For effective anorexigenic substances include amphetamine - member of the group phenylalkylamines with central and peripheral sympathomimetic properties. Its mechanism of action is mainly in the fact that it enhances the release of nerve endings of norepinephrine and dopamine, and inhibits the reuptake of them. At the same time stimulates the central adrenergic receptors and dopamine receptors, leading to inhibition of the hunger center. In addition, amphetamine has a stimulating effect on the cerebral cortex, and perhaps secondarily inhibits the hunger center. However, due to the fact that amphetamine refers to the active psychoactive drugs and has a pronounced peripheral sympathomimetic properties when applied arise anxiety, insomnia, tachycardia, increased blood pressure may develop physical drug dependence. Therefore, as an amphetamine like drugs are not used.

11. A series of analogues of amphetamine (fenilalkilamina derivatives) with more selective anorexigenic effects, for example Fepranon (amfepranon). Pharmacologically similar to it fenaminom, but inferior to him in ability to reduce appetite. The mechanism anoreksigennogo fepranona effect is similar to that of amphetamine, but it is less stimulates the central nervous system. In addition, it is not as pronounced Adrenomimeticalkie peripheral effects. Use of the drug combined with a decrease in food intake. Enter Fepranon inside, usually for minutes before eating. To avoid sleep disturbance ¬ taking it out in the first half of the day. Treatment should be under the supervision of a physician. When using fepranona possible side effects of the cardiovascular system (tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias) and CNS (anxiety, sleep disturbance). Marked the development of addiction and physical drug dependence. The drug is contraindicated in severe arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disorders, with glaucoma ¬ ME, thyrotoxicosis, nerve diseases, leading to increased impact ¬ wake CNS and convulsions.

12. Anorexigenic property is possessed and back ¬ selective inhibitors of neuronal uptake of serotonin. However, previously known drugs in this group due to the side effects are no longer used. In Examples include fluoxetine, used primarily as anti ¬ tidepressanta. However, it has severe and anorexigenic effect. Sibutramine (Meridia) is an anorexigenic agent ingibiruyushim reverse neuronal uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Pony ¬ zhaet concentration in serum uric acid, a beneficial effect on blood lipids. Quickly and well (~ 77%) is absorbed from the digestive tract. Most of the drug is metabolized in the first pass through the liver. Of formed metabolites have anoreksigennoy activity. Sibutramine and Me ¬ metabolite is largely bound to plasma proteins blood was isolated ¬ are in the kidneys. Of the side effects observed pressor effect, tachycardia, ¬ solution violation of sleep, headache, CNS stimulation, constipation, etc.

13. ANTACIDS They include Acid secretion inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors
Locally acting antacids
Gastric protectants

14. Acid secretion inhibitors
Histamine (H2) blockers
- Cimetidine
- Ranitidine
Mode of action – H2 stimulates the proton (acid) pump in parietal cells. H2 blockers block the H2 receptors hence decrease HCL secretion

15. Proton pump inhibitors
Example Omeprazole
Mode of action – they inhibit H+-K+-ATPase hence reduce hydrogen secretion

16. Locally acting antacids
They include
- Aluminum salts (Aluminum hydroxide, Aluminum carbonate, Aluminum silicate)
Magnesium salts (Magnesium oxide (milk of magnesia), Magnesium tricilicate
They act by neutralizing gastric HCL

17. Gastric protective Example is Sucralfate
This is a sucrose sulfate-aluminum hydroxide complex
Mode of action – it polymerizes to a viscous gel. The sulfate groups bind to proteins in ulcerated tissue and protect ulcers from acids and pepsin

18. DIGESTANTS Introduction
Definition - Digestants are a group of drugs used to promote the process of digestion in the gastrointestinal tract
They include
- Pancrelipase
- Bile acids and salts

19. Pancrelipase
It consists of pancreatic enzymes (e.g. lipase, amylase, trypsin)
Clinical use – Used to treat exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs, cats and birds

20. Bile acids and salts They include;
- Bile acids (e.g. cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid)
- Semisynthetic bile acid derivatives (e.g. dehydrocholic acid)
- Sodium salts of bile acids
Mode of action – they stimulate choleresis (bile flow)

21. EMETICS They include - Centrally acting emetics Apomorphine Xylazine
- Peripherally acting emetics
Sodium Chloride
Syrup of ipecac (from Ipecacuanha)
Copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, hydrogen peroxide

22. ANTI EMETICS They include - Antidopaminergic agents - Antihistamines
- Anticholinergic agents
- Miscellaneous antiemetics

23. Antidopaminergic agents
Phenothiazine drugs
Acepromazine
Chlorpromazine
Promazine
Prochlorperazine
Metoclopramide
Butyrophenones
Droperidol
Haloperidol

24. Antihistamines
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Promethazine

25. Anticholinergic agents
Aminopentamide
Propantheline
Isopropamide
Darbazine (isopropamide plus prochlorperazine)

26. Miscellaneous antiemetics
Intestinal protectants and adsorbents (kaolin, pectin, bismuth salts)
Locally acting gastric antacids (Mg hydroxide, Mg silicate, Al hydrox., Al silicate) may reduce vomiting caused by gastric hyperacidity

27. LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS
They are used for
- Relief of acute non-dietary constipation
- Removal of poisons from the gastrointestinal tract
- Prevention of Tenesmus in advanced pregnancy or prolapse
- Evacuation of bowel prior to surgery or radiography

28. LAXATIVES AND CATHARTICS
They include
- Osmotic cathartics
- Irritant cathartics
- Bulk laxatives
- Lubricants
- Surfactants

29. Osmotic cathartics Examples - Mg sulfate (Epsom salt), Mg oxide
- Sodium sulfate (Glauber’s salt)
- Polyethylene glycol electrolyte solutions
- Sodium phosphate and sodium tartrate mixtures (fleet enemas)

30. Irritant cathartics Examples - Castor oil - Aloe - Senna
- Cascara sagrada

31. Bulk laxatives Examples - Methylcellulose - Agar - Psyllium
- Wheat bran

32. Lubricants and surfactants
Lubricants - Mineral oil (liquid petrolatum) and white petrolatum
Surfactants – Docusate

33. ANTI DIARHOEAL DRUGS They include - Opiates - Anticholinergic agents
- Protectants and adsorbent agents

34. Opiates They include - Paregoric – a camphorated tincture of opium
- Diphenoxilate
- Loperamide
- Codeine

35. Anticholinergic agents
They include
- Methoscopolamine
- Aminopentamide
- Propantheline
- Isopropamide

36. Protectants and adsorbent agents
Preparations
- Kaolin-pectin suspensions
- Bismuth sub-salicylate

37. DRUGS USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Examples
- Sulfasalazine
- Olsalazine
- Tylosin
- Metronidazole

38. DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF RUMINANT GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Several groups
- Agents for inducing closure of the esophageal groove
- Ruminotorics
- Rumen antacids
- Rumen acidifiers
- Viscosity-altering (antibloat) agents

39. Agents for inducing closure of the esophageal groove
Example
- Milk
- Sodium bicarbonate (10% to calves)
- Copper sulfate (5% to calves, 2% to lambs) -

40. Ruminotorics They include - Bitters - Cholinergics
- Opiate antagonists (eg naloxone)
- Rumen fluid transfer

41. Rumen antacids Examples include - Magnesium oxide
- Magnesium carbonate
- Aluminum hydroxide
- Calcium carbonate
- Ammonium carbonate

42. Rumen Acidifiers
Example
- Vinegar
- 4%-5% Acetic acid

43. Viscosity-altering (anti-bloat) agents
Preparations include
- Poloxalene
- Polymerized methyl silicone
- Mineral oil and
- Vegetable oil (e.g. soybean, peanut, sunflower oil).