1. Restoration Ecology Burning South Prairie – April 2013

2. Tony Bradshaw

4. Flavors of Reclamation Reclamation is the general process of repairing damaged ecosystems Restoration - here we attempt to put back exactly what existed in the ecosystem prior to the disturbance Rehabilitation - here we attempt to put back most of what existed in the ecosystem prior to the disturbance, but we don't try to put everything back Replacement - no attempt is made to restore what was lost - here we replace the original ecosystem with another one Recovery or neglect - here we allow nature to takes it course - depend upon natural processes of seed dispersal and germination to start plants, natural dispersal of animals to repopulate the area Enhancement - activity designed to improve the ecosystem, even if the change is fairly minimal

5. Walnut Creek NWR – now named Neil Smith NWR

6. Neil Smith National Wildlife Refuge

7. Neil Smith NWR Prairie

10. Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie

11. Nachusa Grasslands

12. Restoration of a Garbage Dump – Fresh Kills, Staten Island, NY

13. Fresh Kills

14. Fresh Kills Restoration – Replacement of Ecosystem

15. Enhancement

16. Reintroduction of Animals Only 16 of 145 reintroductions of captive bred individuals have been successful 86% of reintroductions of native game animals have been successful 46% of reintroductions of native threatened, endangered or sensitive animals have been successful

17. European Bison Historic (Holocene) Distribution

18. European Bison – Current Distribution

19. Six basic steps for restoring an ecosystem 1. Set a goal 2. Determine a strategy and methods 3. Remove the source of degradation 4. Restore the physical environment 5. Restore the biota 6. Be patient – restoration takes time

20. Always Remember: As Frank Egler said, “Ecosystems are not only more complex than we think, ecosystems are more complex than we can think.”

21. Social Factors

22. Cultural Differences ‘East is east and west is west, and never the twain shall meet.’ - Rudyard Kipling

23. Attitudes toward Dogs

24. Attitudes towards Snakes

25. Attitudes towards Rats Temple of Bhagwati Karniji

26. Just say no

27. Urban-Rural Divide Where does milk come from?

28. Urban Knowledge?

29. Elephants Raiding Crops

30. Deer Eating Corn

31. Sundarbans Tigers

32. Male – Female Differences? Rachel Carson – women give birth and nurture children – thus more likely to be caring about nature

33. Male – Female Differences? Mother Nature – positive image or limiting to women?

34. One model of Ecofeminism

35. Hunter-Gatherer Societies

36. Attitudes towards Animals – from Stephen Kellert

37. Wolf Attack Stories

38. Aldo Leopold – 1911, Arizona

39. Wolves Everywhere

40. Moby Dick

41. Aquarium keepers

42. Korean Dog Market Protest

43. Differing approaches to the world Anthropocentrism – the view that humans are the center of the universe Biocentrism – the view that all living organisms are equally important and occupy the center of the universe Biocentrism sometimes equated with Biophilia – innate love of biodiversity

44. An Ethical Sequence