1. America in WWI and beyond

2. “Nous voilà, Lafayette” 1917 Selective Service Act: 24 million register, 2.8 million serve 1917 Selective Service Act: 24 million register, 2.8 million serve Arrive in large numbers in summer 1918 Arrive in large numbers in summer 1918 War ends 11/11/18 War ends 11/11/18 Draft Draft

3. Opposition to Spanish American War The Anti-Imperialist League The Anti-Imperialist League Prominent Americans including Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie Prominent Americans including Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie

4. Opposition to War Pacifists/Anarchists Pacifists/Anarchists Eugene V. Debs - prosecuted Eugene V. Debs - prosecuted Glorification of Military ? Glorification of Military ? Jeannette Rankin, congresswoman Jeannette Rankin, congresswoman Robert LaFollette, governor Robert LaFollette, governor

5. Women’s Peace movement Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, WILPF (1915) Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, WILPF (1915) Jane Addams, president Jane Addams, president Aims: eliminate causes of War, work for constructive peace Aims: eliminate causes of War, work for constructive peace Protested peace treaty Protested peace treaty

6. Espionage (1917) and Sedition (1918) Acts made illegal: “To convey information with intent to interfere with the oppression or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies” “To convey information with intent to interfere with the oppression or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies” “[To] cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or… willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States” “[To] cause or attempt to cause insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny, refusal of duty, in the military or naval forces of the United States, or… willfully obstruct the recruiting or enlistment service of the United States” Prosecutions: Debs (10 yrs), Emma Goldman (deported) Prosecutions: Debs (10 yrs), Emma Goldman (deported)

7. Schenck v. US (1919) Charles Schenck urged opposition to draft in mailed leaflets Charles Schenck urged opposition to draft in mailed leaflets Supreme Court upheld conviction under Espionage Act: “Clear and present danger” Supreme Court upheld conviction under Espionage Act: “Clear and present danger”

8. Red Scare – 1919-1920 Patriotism Patriotism Nativist Reaction to immigrants Nativist Reaction to immigrants Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General raids homes and businesses Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General raids homes and businesses 600 deported as “Reds” 600 deported as “Reds”

9. Wilson’s Fourteen Points (1918) End secret agreements between nations End secret agreements between nations Recognition of every nation’s right to use the seas Recognition of every nation’s right to use the seas Arms reductions Arms reductions Change borders of Europe according to principle of self-determination Change borders of Europe according to principle of self-determination Establish of League of Nations to resolve disputes Establish of League of Nations to resolve disputes Place European colonies under control of League of Nations Place European colonies under control of League of Nations

10. Treaty of Versailles Germany did not participate in the treaty discussions! Germany did not participate in the treaty discussions! Extremely harsh to Germany; European allies want revenge Extremely harsh to Germany; European allies want revenge Alsace-Lorraine to France Alsace-Lorraine to France Poland becomes independent Poland becomes independent Germany loses all colonies Germany loses all colonies France controls Saar basin for 15 years France controls Saar basin for 15 years

11. Treaty of Versailles Germany pays reparations – repayment for damages (U.S. $ 26 billion) Germany pays reparations – repayment for damages (U.S. $ 26 billion) Germany’s armed forces would be limited Germany’s armed forces would be limited Germany would be forbidden to manufacture and import war materiel Germany would be forbidden to manufacture and import war materiel Guilt clause Guilt clause Peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations, created (Wilson’s plan) Peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations, created (Wilson’s plan)

12. Opposition to Treaty of Versailles Isolationists: treaty involved too many commitments abroad in the League of Nations Isolationists: treaty involved too many commitments abroad in the League of Nations Reservationists: wanted certain clauses added (Henry Cabot Lodge) Reservationists: wanted certain clauses added (Henry Cabot Lodge) Outcome: 1920 majority of Senate votes for treaty with Lodge’s reservations Outcome: 1920 majority of Senate votes for treaty with Lodge’s reservations Treaty is rejected by U.S. Senate: the isolationists win! Treaty is rejected by U.S. Senate: the isolationists win! Separate treaty signed in 1921; U.S. does not join League of Nations Separate treaty signed in 1921; U.S. does not join League of Nations

13. Post WWI treaties Attempts at preventing a repetition of the war

14. League of Nations International Treaty organization International Treaty organization Ideal: member nations would resolve disputes peacefully Ideal: member nations would resolve disputes peacefully US never joined the League of Nations US never joined the League of Nations Few enforcement powers Few enforcement powers

15. Washington Naval Conference 1923 Reduced sizes of navies Reduced sizes of navies Signed by: USA, Britain, France, Italy, Japan Signed by: USA, Britain, France, Italy, Japan Attempted to reduce friction among naval powers Attempted to reduce friction among naval powers Little enforcement power in treaty: Japan and Italy began to ignore terms in 1930’s Little enforcement power in treaty: Japan and Italy began to ignore terms in 1930’s

16. Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 International Treaty in which signatory nations renounced the use of war as an instrument of foreign policy International Treaty in which signatory nations renounced the use of war as an instrument of foreign policy US did ratify the treaty US did ratify the treaty Meaning: war could only be used in self- defense Meaning: war could only be used in self- defense Ineffective, impossible to enforce: Japan in Manchuria Ineffective, impossible to enforce: Japan in Manchuria