1. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dust in the Infrared – a prime tool for AGN diagnostics 1/35 Eckhard Sturm The QUEST Collaboration

2. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Infrared dust spectra can help us to understand AGN torus and NLR - physical properties AGN unification AGN host galaxies AGN – Starburst connection AGN evolution... 2/35

3. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties The dust components of mid-infrared galaxy spectra 3/35 Silicate Ices silicate Pier & Krolik 92

4. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties I) The continuum 4/35

5. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Weedman et al. 2005 5/35

6. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Weedman et al. 2005 6/35

7. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Weedman et al. 2005 7/35

8. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Buchanan et al. 2006 8/35 Also read: poster by Rajesh et al. -> talks by Hao, Ogle

9. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties The slope of the continuum Weedman et al. 2005 Sturm et al. 2000 Sturm et al. 2006, Rupke et al. 9/35

10. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties IR-faint LINERs IR-bright LINERs Sturm et al. 2006 Rupke et al., in prep. Selection based on Ho et al. 1997, Satyapal et al 2003, Veilleux et al. 1995 10/35

11. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties SDSS Simpson et al. 2005 Decreasing Type2 fraction with increasing luminosity? 11/35

12. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Lutz et al. 2004 Sturm et al. 2006 12/35

13. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties II) Silicates 13/35

14. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties QUEST (Veilleux et al.) Schweitzer et al. 2006 14/35

15. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Silicate emission in Type 2 objects! NGC 4725: Type 2 AGN from Ho sample (SINGS data, Kennicutt et al.) QSO2s: Sturm et al. 2006 IRASF10214+4724: Teplitz et al. 2006 15/35

16. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties NGC1068 Mason et al. 2006 16/35

17. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dust outside sublimation Radius: > ~0.5 L 46 0.5 pc Silicate emitting dust Radius: ~200 L 46 0.5 pc ? AGN Silicate emission – where from? The simplest cartoon 17/35

18. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dust outside sublimation Radius: > ~0.5 L 46 0.5 pc Silicate emitting dust Radius: ~200 L 46 0.5 pc ? AGN Silicate emission – where from? The simplest cartoon 18/35

19. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Similar Galactic SEDs: flared, passive irradiated protostellar disks Dullemond et al. 2001, 2004 … but of course cannot be scaled simply! Silicate emission – where from? 19/35

20. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Shi et al. 2006 Silicate emission – where from? One alternative cartoon 20/35

21. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties NGC 3998 (Liner 1.9), Sturm et al. 2005 Finding silicate around weaker AGN or, e.g., in ULIRGs is more difficult due to PAH “contamination” Schweitzer et al. 2006 Silicate emission observed also at lower luminosity Silicate emission – luminosity dependent? 21/35

22. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Sizeable population of Type 1 AGN with silicate emission Incidence as a function of luminosity and other factors still under investigation Demonstrates presence of a significant component of optically thin silicate dust Is this the “unified” silicate emission from the torus? Cold Temperatures ~140K-220K (from feature ratio and ISM silicate emissivity profile). Too cold for inner side of torus near sublimation but ok for dust further out, e.g. in the NLR? emission also in Type II objects Silicate emission – the Torus? 22/35

23. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Average QSO SED: three mid-infrared bumps 3  m bump – 1000-1500K Two silicate bumps QUEST 23/35

24. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Intrinsic QSO SED 24/35 Netzer et al. (in prep)

25. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties III) PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) 25/35

26. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties26/35

27. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties QUEST (Veilleux et al.) Schweitzer et al. 2006 27/35 PAHs in Quasar host galaxies

28. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Average spectra: PAH is widespread Schweitzer et al. 2006 28/35

29. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties The origin of QSO far-infrared emission Rowan-Robinson (1995) pure AGN SED – strong far-infrared then must be star formation Sanders et al. 1989: warped disk could provide enough cold but AGN-heated dust 29/35

30. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties The origin of the far-IR emission in QSOs (Starburst-AGN connection) Schweitzer et al. 2006 30/35

31. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Widespread presence of PAH emission in z<0.3 PG QSOs indicating the presence of powerful starburst activity (νL ν 60 ~ 2x10 10 … 2x10 12 L_sun) Far-infrared emission in QSOs arises mostly from star formation The star formation environments in the QSO hosts are very similar to ULIRGs Star formation activity and AGN luminosity correlate up to high luminosity, and starbursts and AGN phase coexist The origin of the far-IR emission in QSOs (Starburst-AGN connection) 31/35

32. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Selection based on Ho et al. 1997, Satyapal et al 2003, Veilleux et al. 1995 32/35 IR-bright LINERs Sturm et al. 2006 Rupke et al., in prep. IR-faint LINERs PAHs in LINER host galaxies

33. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Mid-Infrared diagnostics of LINERs Sturm et al 2006, Rupke et al. (in prep.), SINGS (J.D. Smith et al., in prep.) cp. Hony et al. 2001 (HII regions, YSOs, evolved stars) cp. Cesarsky et al. 1998, Pagani et al 1999 (star forming regions in M31) 33/35

34. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Same methods can now be applied at high redshifts Yan et al. 2005, Houck et al. 2005, Lutz et al. 2005, Weedman et al. 2005b, Desai et al. 2006, Valiante et al. 2006, etc. Appilication at high redshift z~2.8 SMG from Lutz et al. 05 z~1.3 ULIRG from Desai et al. 06 34/35

35. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Continuum shape (flux ratios 15/6 and 30/6): tool to distinguish AGN types? Continuum ratio mid-IR/X-ray: unification, luminosity dependence of TypeII/TypeI? Silicates: unification (Torus and/or extended emission?) Silicates: luminosity dependence? Crystallization? Grain size distribution? PAHs in QSOs: host galaxy diagnostic PAHs in QSOs: origin of far-IR continuum PAHs in LINERs: tool to distinguish LINER types at high redshift? Continuum + silicates + PAHs: tool to analyse high redshift dusty galaxies Continuum + silicates + PAHs: tool to study AGN evolution Summary 35/35

36. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties QSO2  ULIRG Sturm et al. 2005Veilleux et al. 2006, Armus et al. 2006 Warm ULIRGs 18/33

37. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties ULIRGs QUEST (Veilleux, Lutz, Sturm, Genzel et al.)IRS GTO (Houck, Armus, Charmandaris, Spoon et al.) 23/33

38. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties ULIRGs – deep absorption Spoon et al. 2004, 2005, 2006 24/33

39. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties ULIRGs – deep absorption Spoon et al. 2004, 2005, 2006 25/33 crystallization amorphization Massive evolved stars Processing by cosmic/shock ions

40. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – emission line ratios 26/33

41. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – emission line ratios Armus et al. 2006 27/33

42. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Veilleux et al. 2006 Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – emission line ratios 28/33

43. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dale et al. 2006 SINGS Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – emission line ratios 29/33

44. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dale et al. 2006 SINGS Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – emission line ratios 30/33

45. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties e.g. Marshall et al. Armus et al. 2006 Mid-Infrared diagnostics of dusty galaxies – template/model fitting 31/33

46. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Seyferts: more and better templates QSOs: silicate emission, AGN unification QSOs: new template QSOs: FIR = Starburst QSO II = ULIRG LINERs: different PAH ratios LINERs: different emission line ratios ULIRGs: importance of strongly absorbed objects ULIRGs: crystalline silicates ULIRGs: diagnostic diagrams ULIRGs: template/model fitting New Results on ULIRGs and AGN in the Local Universe 33/33

47. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Mid-Infrared diagnostics of LINERs Sturm et al. 2006 Selection based on Ho et al. 1997, Satyapal et al 2003, Veilleux et al. 1995 34/33

48. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Dust in the Infrared – a prime tool for AGN diagnostics 1/33 Eckhard Sturm

49. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Pier & Krolik 92 Silicate emission – the Torus? 6/33

50. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Suggested modifications to explain absence of silicate emission in type 1 AGN: - changes of grain size distribution (Laor & Draine 1993, Maiolino et al. 2001) - Special geometries, e.g. tapered disks (Efstathiou & Rowan-Robinson 1995) - Clumpy tori (Nenkova et al. 2002) Opt. thin dust, different size distributions (Laor & Draine 93) Type 1 SED for different radial distributions of clumps (Nenkova et al. 02) 0.1 1 10  m 100 1000 Silicate emission – the Torus? 7/33

51. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Siebenmorgen et al. 2005Hao et al. 2005 Wait a minute! Spitzer finally finds silicate emission in luminous AGNs (PG QSOs) Silicate emission – the Torus? 8/33

52. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Siebenmorgen et al. 2005 Hao et al. 2005 Conditions in the silicate emitting region Weingartner & Draine 2001 Silicate emission – the Torus? 11/33

53. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Mid-Infrared diagnostics of LINERs Sturm et al 2006, Rupke et al. (in prep.), SINGS (J.D. Smith et al., in prep.) cp. Hony et al. 2001 (HII regions, YSOs, evolved stars) cp. Cesarsky et al. 1998, Pagani et al 1999 (star forming regions in M31) cp. Weedman et al. 2005cp. Lutz et al. 2003 22/33

54. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Crystallization – grain sizes – chemical composition 24/34

55. ULIRG Workshop Cornell 2006 AGN Conference, Xi‘an, 2006E. SturmInfrared Dust Properties Chiar & Tielens 2006 Plot of the extinction profiles for the ‘‘astronomical silicates’’ of Draine & Lee (1984) compared to the WR 98a absorption profile. 25/34