1. The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process It is the formal study of territoriality. Covers forms of government, borders, treaties, trading blocs, conflicts and war. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Interaction of politics and place

2. How Is Space Politically Organized into States and Nations? Political geography: The study of the political organization of the world Territoriality: “The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area” – Robert Sack

3. Political Organization of Space Sovereignty: Having the last say over a territory — legally Territorial integrity: The right of a government to keep the borders and territory of a state intact and free from attack

4. State A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government with sovereignty, and recognized as such by other states

5. Emergence of States City-State – The first states evolved in Mesopotamia generally a town and the surrounding countryside

6. Empire When one city-state would gain military dominance over others and form an empire, which is an extensive territory or a number of territories and peoples under the control of a single political authority

7. The Modern State Idea The idea of a state that is tied to a particular territory with defined boundaries Came out of Europe Diffused through – Mercantilism – Colonialism

8. Monarchies:Constitutional MonarchyTraditional MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy Republics:DemocracyRestricted Democratic PracticeAuthoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:ProtectorateColonial DependencyEmpire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Forms of Government

9. Monarchies:Constitutional MonarchyTraditional MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy Republics:DemocracyRestricted Democratic PracticeAuthoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:ProtectorateColonial DependencyEmpire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm

10. Monarchies:Constitutional MonarchyTraditional MonarchyAbsolute Monarchy Republics:DemocracyRestricted Democratic PracticeAuthoritarian Regime Totalitarian Regime Non-Sovereign:ProtectorateColonial DependencyEmpire Source: Matthew White, 2003. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Adapted from FreedomHouse.orghttp://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm

11. Nations Nation: A culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals – Constructed by people to make sense of themselves – “Imagined communities” (Benedict Anderson) Imagined = you will never meet all the people in your nation Community = you see yourself as part of it Nations perceived as “natural” and “always existing” but really a relatively recent phenomenon

12. Nation-State A politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space Rare in practice An ideal for governments as source of political loyalty and unity Origins in French Revolution –Democracy: People as sovereign –A territorial state for each nation Nationalism (video)Nationalism –Strong sense of loyalty to the state on the part of its people –Government that promotes the nation within the state –Promotion of loyalty to the state in multinational states

13. Europe in 1648

14. A state with more than one nation Multinational State

15. Stateless Nation A nation with no state

16. Part-Nation State A single nation dispersed across and predominant in two or more states ( The Arab Nation)

17. European Colonialism and the Diffusion of the Nation-State Model Colonialism: A physical action in which one state takes over control of another, taking over the government and ruling the territory as its own Two Waves of European Colonialism: 1500 – 1825 1825 – 1975

18. Some places were colonized by more than one power in this time period. Dominant Colonial Influences, 1550 – 1950

19. Imperialism Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society

20. Decolonization The acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory

21. The Capitalist World Economy Result of colonialism Construction of a world order based on differences in economic and political power Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory 1.The world economy has one market and a global division of labor. 2.Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy. 3.The world economy has a three-tier structure.

22. Construction of the World Economy Capitalism: The system whereby people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and exchange them in the world market, with the goal of achieving profit Commodification: The process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good Colonialism: Brought the world into the world economy, setting up an interdependent global economy

23. Three-Tier Structure Core Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Generate more wealth in the world economy Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery Serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology Generate less wealth in the world economy

24. The Three-Tier System

25. How Do States Spatially Organize Their Governments? Forms of government Unitary: Highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power Federal: A government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds

26. Allows states within Nigeria to determine whether to have Shari’a laws (legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws) Nigeria’s Federal System

27. Allows states to determine “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons U.S. Federal System

28. Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within a state Causes –Ethnocultural forces –Economic forces –Spatial forces –Top Ten Countries that disappeared in the 20 th CenturyTop Ten Countries that disappeared in the 20 th Century - The New World –Predictions of DevolutionThe New World Devolution

29. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements in Eastern Europe

30. Devolution in Europe

31. Irredentism The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state

32. Shatter Belt Region caught between stronger, colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress and often fragmented by aggressive rivals

33. Buffer Zone A set of countries separating ideological or political adversaries.

34. ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY Political Geography of Elections Variation of voting districts and voting patterns

35. Electoral Geography Part of a state’s spatial organization of government In the United States Territorial representation Reapportionment Voting rights for minority populations

36. ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY VOTER TURN-OUT All elections since 1945-1998 Countryvote/VAP % 1Italy92.5 2Cambodia90.5 3Seychelles96.1 4Iceland89.5 36Romania77.2 37Spain77 75Luxembourg64.1 76Nepal63.7 95Malaysia59 96Zimbabwe58.8 97Jamaica58.5 106Honduras55.3 107Russia55 108Panama53.4 109Poland52.3 110Uganda50.6 114USA48.3 115Mexico48.1 116Peru48 Source: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2005

37. “Gerrymandering”Gerrymandering Redistricting for partisan purposes

38. Voting Districts Gerrymandering : Drawing voting districts to benefit one group over another Majority-minority Districts: Drawn so that the majority of the population in the district is from the minority

39. Tom Delay’s District in Texas After Texas Republicans won a majority in 2002, they enacted redistricting legislation to protect their wins.

40. How Are Boundaries Established, and Why Do Boundary Disputes Occur? Boundary: A vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state territory from another

41. Politics of Geography Effect of place on politics Example: Political Borders

42. U.S.- Canada boundary Alberta- Montana

43. U.S.- Mexico boundary Calexico, California- Mexicali, Mexico

44. Boundaries often divide resources, such as oil between Kuwait and Iraq Boundaries

45. Establishing boundaries –Define –Delimit –Demarcate –Administrate Types of boundaries –Geometric boundaries: Based on grid systems –Physical-political boundaries: Follow an agreed- upon feature in the physical geographic landscape

46. Boundary Disputes Definitional boundary disputes Locational boundary disputes Operational boundary disputes Allocational boundary disputes

47. GEOPOLITICSGEOPOLITICS State’s power to control territory, shape international policy and other states’ foreign policy State’s power to control territory, shape international policy and other states’ foreign policy

48. How Americans View the World?

49. How Do Geopolitics and Critical Geopolitics Help Us Understand the World? Geopolitics: The interplay among geography, power, politics, and international relations Choke Points Classical geopolitics –German School (Ratzel’s organic state theory) –British /American School (Mackinder’s heartland theory)

50. Ratzel’s Organic State Theory Based on Darwin’s theories of evolution Need of a state for territory and overseas connections in order to survive Described expansion of empires and large states in the 19 th century Eventually contributed to Nazi expansion

51. Mackinder’s Heartland Theory Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island Who rules the World Island commands the world

52. Critical Geopolitics Ideas of intellectuals of statecraft about places Influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices Affect how ordinary people process notions of places and politics

53. Us versus Them Cold War –Evil Empire (Soviet Union) –Shining city on a hill (United States) Replacement of Soviet Union as “them” by terrorists

54. East versus West: View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War Lumping failed to recognize differences among Communists, or local causes of conflict

55. Enlargement of Soviet bloc after World War II Berlin Wall, 1961-89

56. Geopolitical World Order Temporary periods of stability in conduct of politics at the global scale Bi-polar Multi-polar Unilateralism

57. What Are Supranational Organizations, and What Is the Future of the State? Supranational organization: A separate entity composed of three or more states that forge an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals

58. International Cooperation Treaties and Trading Blocs Economic Treaties and Free Trade Agreements Military Alliances Supranational Agreements Map of NATO Countries

59. Global Scale: The United Nations

60. United Nations Member States (192) Non-member States Taiwan (China) Vatican City Western Sahara (territory of Morocco) Palestinian Territories Tibet (China) The United Nations System is based on five active principal organs UN General AssemblyUnited Nations UN General Assembly UN Security Council UN Economic and Social Council UN Secretariat International Court of Justice

61. Sample United Nations Organizations UNDPUNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNIFEMUNIFEM - United Nations Development Fund for Women UNVUNV - United Nations Volunteers UNEPUNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNFPAUNFPA - United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNHCRUNHCR - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesHigh Commissioner UN-HABITATUN-HABITAT - United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- HABITAT) UNICEFUNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund

62. Trading Blocs

63. Regional Scale: The European Union

64. European Union Began as European Economic Community (EEC), 1957. Stronger in 1994 10 new members joined, 2004 Turkey and Romania want to join but have faced resistance.

65. OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a large group of countries[1][2] made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador (which rejoined OPEC in November 2007)countries[1][2]AlgeriaAngolaIndonesiaIranIraq KuwaitLibyaNigeriaQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab Emirates VenezuelaEcuador

66. African colonies

67. Decolonization, 1940s-1990s