1. Database V 1.0 18 February 2016TCS Internal

2. 18 February 2016 A Timeline of Database History Ancient Times: Human beings began to store information very long ago. In the ancient times, elaborate database systems were developed by government offices, libraries, hospitals, and business organizations, and some of the basic principles of these systems are still being used today. 1960s: Computerized database started in the 1960s, when the use of computers became a more cost-effective option for private organizations. There were two popular data models in this decade: a network model called CODASYL and a hierarchical model called IMS. One database system that proved to be a commercial success was the SABRE system that was used by IBM to help American Airlines manage its reservations data. TCS Internal 2

3. 18 February 2016 1970 to 1972: E.F. Codd published an important paper to propose the use of a relational database model, and his ideas changed the way people thought about databases. In his model, the database’s schema, or logical organization, is disconnected from physical information storage, and this became the standard principle for database systems. 1970s: Two major relational database system prototypes were created between the years 1974 and 1977, and they were the Ingres, which was developed at UBC, and System R, created at IBM San Jose. Ingres used a query language known as QUEL, and it led to the creation of systems such as Ingres Corp., MS SQL Server, Sybase, Wang’s PACE, and Britton-Lee. On the other hand, System R used the SEQUEL query language, and it contributed to the development of SQL/DS, DB2, Allbase, Oracle, and Non-Stop SQL. It was also in this decade that Relational Database Management System, or RDBMS, became a recognized term. TCS Internal 3

4. 18 February 2016 1976: A new database model called Entity-Relationship, or ER, was proposed by P. Chen this year. This model made it possible for designers to focus on data application, instead of logical table structure. 1980s: Structured Query Language, or SQL, became the standard query language. Relational database systems became a commercial success as the rapid increase in computer sales boosted the database market, and this caused a major decline in the popularity of network and hierarchical database models. DB2 became the flagship database product for IBM, and the introduction of the IBM PC resulted in the establishments of many new database companies and the development of products such as PARADOX, RBASE 5000, RIM, Dbase III and IV, OS/2 Database Manager, and Watcom SQL. TCS Internal 4

5. 18 February 2016 Early 1990s: After a database industry shakeout, most of the surviving companies sold complex database products at high prices. Around this time, new client tools for application development were released, and these included the Oracle Developer, PowerBuilder, VB, and others. A number of tools for personal productivity, such as ODBC and Excel/Access, were also developed. Prototypes for Object Database Management Systems, or ODBMS, were created in the early 1990s. Mid 1990s: The advent of the Internet led to exponential growth of the database industry. Average desktop users began to use client-server database systems to access computer systems that contained legacy data. TCS Internal 5

6. 18 February 2016 Late 1990s: Increased investment in online businesses resulted in a rise in demand for Internet database connectors, such as Front Page, Active Server Pages, Java Servelets, Dream Weaver, ColdFusion, Enterprise Java Beans, and Oracle Developer 2000. The use of cgi, gcc, MySQL, Apache, and other systems brought open source solution to the Internet. With the increased use of point-of-sale technology, online transaction processing and online analytic processing began to come of age. 2000s: Although the Internet industry experienced a decline in the early 2000s, database applications continue to grow. New interactive applications were developed for PDAs, point-of-sale transactions, and consolidation of vendors. Presently, the three leading database companies in the western world are Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle. TCS Internal 6

7. 18 February 2016 Database Videos Lets focus on some Database videos TCS Internal 7

8. 18 February 2016 What is ODBC? Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is an open standard application programming interface (API) for accessing a database. By using ODBC statements in a program, you can access files in a number of different databases, including Access, dBase, DB2, Excel, and Text. In addition to the ODBC software, a separate module or driver is needed for each database to be accessed. The main proponent and supplier of ODBC programming support is Microsoft.openAPIdatabaseDB2driver ODBC is based on and closely aligned with The Open Groupstandard Structured Query Language (SQL) Call-Level Interface. It allows programs to use SQL requests that will access databases without having to know the proprietary interfaces to the databases. ODBC handles the SQL request and converts it into a request the individual database system understands.The Open GroupSQL TCS Internal 8

9. 18 February 2016 WHAT IS AN ODBC DRIVER? An ODBC driver uses the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) interface by Microsoft that allows applications to access data in database management systems (DBMS) using SQL as a standard for accessing the data. TCS Internal 9

10. 18 February 2016 How Does ODBC Work? The ODBC architecture has four components: Application, which processes and calls ODBC functions to submit SQL statements and retrieve results Driver Manager, which loads drivers for the application Driver, which processes ODBC function calls, submits SQL requests to a specific data source, and returns results to the application Data source, which consists of the data to access and its associated operating system, DBMS, and network platform (if any) used to access the DBMS The following figure shows the relationship among the four components: TCS Internal 10

11. 18 February 2016 How Does ODBC Work? ODBC is much more than a document. On one hand, it is the definition of a CLI, a set of definitions and rules. On the other hand, it is software. First, we describe how ODBC, as implemented by Microsoft, works. Logically, ODBC consists of two layers; see Figure. These two layers are between the application and a number of databases that the application can access. In ODBC, these are called data sources. A data source can be MySQL, DB2, Oracle, or Microsoft Access, for example. TCS Internal 11

12. 18 February 2016 The application "talks" to the first layer of ODBC, called the ODBC driver manager. This module can be seen as a part of Windows itself. The job of the driver manager can be compared to that of the printer manager under Windows. The working of ODBC resembles printing software. Therefore, let us first take a closer look at the job of the printer manager. If we want to print a document, we send it to the printer manager with an instruction that it should be printed by a specific printer. Because each printer is differentone might be a black-and-white printer, whereas another supports color; one might have a resolution of 600 dots per inch, and another 1200a special driver has been developed for each printer. Although internally they differ considerably, the printer manager considers these drivers to be the same. Indeed, the printer manager has been set up to hide these differences from the users. In a sense, this module acts as a switchboard. TCS Internal 12

13. 18 February 2016 The ODBC driver manager has a comparable task. For example, if an application wants to access an MySQL database, the driver manager links to the appropriate driver; this is the second layer of ODBC. This driver has been developed specifically to access MySQL databases. If an application wants to access DB2, a driver is linked that has been developed specifically for DB2. The power of the drivers and whether the database is located at the other end of the world is transparent to the driver manager and, therefore, to the application. This kind of detail is hidden by drivers. Although each driver looks the same to the driver manager, the internal processing is different for each driver. Via the Windows Control Panel, you can check which drivers have been installed on your own machine. Figure shows a list with installed ODBC drivers. As an example, the first driver offers access to DB2, the second to dBASE files, and the fourth to Microsoft Access databases. TCS Internal 13

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15. 18 February 2016 Client/server (client/server model, client/server architecture) Client/server is a program relationship in which one program (the client) requests a service or resource from another program (the server). Although the client/server model can be used by programs within a single computer, it is a more important concept for networking. In this case, the client establishes a connection to the server over a local area network (LAN) or wide-area network (WAN), such as the Internet. Once the server has fulfilled the client's request, the connection is terminated. Your Web browseris a client program that has requested a service from a server; in fact, the service and resouce the server provided is the delivery of this Web page. networkingLANWANInternetbrowserpage TCS Internal 15

16. 18 February 2016 Computer transactions in which the server fulfills a request made by a client are very common and the client/server model has become one of the central ideas of network computing. Most business applications use the client/server model as does does the Internet's main program, TCP/IP. For example, when you check your bank account from your computer, a client program in your computer forwards a request to a server program at the bank. That program may in turn forward a request to its own client program, which then sends a request to a database server at another bank computer. Once your account balance has been retrieved from the database, it is returned back to the bank data client, which in turn serves it back to the client in your personal computer, which then displays the information to you. TCS Internal 16

17. 18 February 2016 Both client programs and server programs are often part of a larger program or application. Because multiple client programs share the services of the same server program, a special server called a daemon may be activated just to await client requests. In marketing, the client/server was once used to distinguish distributed computing by personal computers (PCs) from the monolithic, centralized computing model used by mainframes. This distinction has largely disappeared, however, as mainframes and their applications have also turned to the client/server model and become part of network computing. daemondistributed computingPCsmainframes TCS Internal 17

18. 18 February 2016 Two Tier Architecture The two-tier architecture is like client server application. The direct communication takes place between client and server. There is no intermediate between client and server. TCS Internal 18

19. 18 February 2016 The above figure shows the architecture of two-tier. Here the communication is one to one. Let us see the concept of two tier with real time application. For example now we have a need to save the employee details in database. The two tiers of two-tier architecture is Database (Data tier) Client Application (Client tier) So, in client application the client writes the program for saving the record in SQL Server and thereby saving the data in the database. Advantages: Understanding and maintenances is easier. Disadvantages: Performance will be reduced when there are more users. TCS Internal 19

20. 18 February 2016 Three-Tier Architecture: Three tier architecture having three layers. They are Client layer Business layer Data layer Client layer: Here we design the form using textbox, label etc. Business layer: It is the intermediate layer which has the functions for client layer and it is used to make communication faster between client and data layer. It provides the business processes logic and the data access. Data layer: it has the database. TCS Internal 20

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22. 18 February 2016 Advantages Easy to modify with out affecting other modules Fast communication Performance will be good in three tier architecture. TCS Internal 22

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24. 18 February 2016 Top databases in the market Oracle Microsoft SQL server IBM DB2 SAP Sybase ASE PostgreSQL MariaDB Enterprise MySQL Teradata Informix Ingress If Time permits then we talk about Windows 2012 SQL server instasllation. TCS Internal 24

25. 18 February 2016 TCS Internal 25 ComponentRequirement Memory [1] Minimum: Express Editions: 512 MB All other editions: 1 GB Recommended: Express Editions: 1 GB All other editions: At least 4 GB and should be increased as database size increases to ensure optimal performance. Processor SpeedMinimum: x86 Processor: 1.0 GHz x64 Processor: 1.4 GHz Recommended: 2.0 GHz or faster Processor Typex64 Processor: AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon 64, Intel Xeon with Intel EM64T support, Intel Pentium IV with EM64T support x86 Processor: Pentium III-compatible processor or faster Hardware requirements for Windows 2014 SQL server

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27. 18 February 2016 Reference links http://nptel.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=106106093 https://www.ntchosting.com/encyclopedia/databases/postgresql/odbc-jdbc-with-php-perl- and-python/https://www.ntchosting.com/encyclopedia/databases/postgresql/odbc-jdbc-with-php-perl- and-python/ https://www.progress.com/products/datadirect-connect/odbc-drivers/odbc-developer- center/odbc-faqs/what-is-an-odbc-driverhttps://www.progress.com/products/datadirect-connect/odbc-drivers/odbc-developer- center/odbc-faqs/what-is-an-odbc-driver http://www.serverwatch.com/server-trends/Top-10-Enterprise-Database-Systems-in- 2015.htmlhttp://www.serverwatch.com/server-trends/Top-10-Enterprise-Database-Systems-in- 2015.html TCS Internal 27

28. TCS Internal Thank You 18 February 2016TCS Internal