1. Approve viol1 Lab NPV. TO WHAT EXTENT DO ATTITUDES APPROVING PARTNER VIOLENCE EXPLAIN HITTING A DATING PARTNER? DOES THIS THIS APPLY TO WOMEN AS WELL AS MEN? The Research Questions 1.How prevalent are attitudes approving a husband slapping his wife and a wife slapping her husband? (no hypothesis needed for this question) 2.A. Do more male than female students approve a husband hitting a female partner? B. Same for approving a wife slapping her husband. 3.Is there more approval of a husband slapping a wife than of a wife slapping a husband? 4.Is there a link between attitudes approving a husband slapping a wife and students in this study hitting a dating partner? 5.Is there a link between attitudes approving a wife slapping a husband and students in this study actually hitting a dating partner 6. A. Does the relationships found for question 4 apply to the behavior of women students as well as men students? B. Same for question 5.

2. Approve viol2 THE SECOND STEP TO TEST THE THEORY THAT CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IS A RISK FACTOR FOR PARTNER VIOLENCE C CORPORAL PUNISHMENT APPROVAL OF SLAPPING A PARTNER ACTUALLY HITTING A PARTNER GENDER OF PARTNER THE THEORY: Step 1 Lab CPA Step 2 This lab A STATISTICALLY VALID TEST WOULD REQUIRE DOING A “PATH ANALYSIS” OR TESTING A “STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL”

3. Approve viol3 WAYS THIS PROJECT IS DIFFERENT I DID THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE COMPUTER AND WILL SHOW YOU THE RESULTS AND EXPLAIN THEM EXCEPT FOR THE CHART COMPARING SITES, THE DATA IS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS THE ANALYSIS WAS DONE PARTWAY THROUGH THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY. AT THAT POINT THERE WERE ONLY 7,500 STUDENTS (COMPARED TO THE FULL SAMPLE OF 14,500)

4. Approve viol4 COMPUTER OUTPUT TESTING THE HYPOTHESES  I used the SPSS statistical program to run the analysis because: 1. With a sample of 7,500 students, it is not possible for us to cross-tabulate the data by hand (as we did using the data for just this class in Lab CPI) 2. There is a lot to interpret and write up  The output from SPSS shows the relationship between the attitudes and behavior and also the test of significance.  I will show the results and explain them. Then you can write the results and discussion section of your lab report

5. Approve viol5 WRITE THE FOLLOWING PARTS OF THE LAB REPORT AFTER WE LOOK AT THE COMPUTER OUTPUT  INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES (SEE SLIDE 5) Identify what the variables are Explain how each was measured, and give an example of one of the questions  "MODERATOR VARIABLE“ (see slide 5) A moderator variable is one that is hypothesized to affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Identify the moderator variable for this project. HYPOTHESES * Write hypotheses about questions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 * Number and letter them. Because there are 5 they must be brief * The write up can extend into the SAMPLE section SAMPLE: About 7,500 students at 26 Universities in 19 countries

6. Approve viol6 MEASURES OF APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCE VA10. I can think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face VA09. I can think of a situation when I would approve of a wife slapping a husband’s face 1 = Strongly Disagree 2 = Disagree 3 = Agree 4 = Strongly Agree We will use these two questions for two purposes: * To compare men and women students, and to compare approval of violence by men (question VA10) and violence by women (question VA09): We will use the percent who did not "Strongly Disagree" * To see if more approval is related to more actual hitting: We will compare students in the 4 answer categories with each other.

7. Approve viol7 MEASURE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST A DATING PARTNER: THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES TOTAL VIOLENCE SCALE BOTH MINOR AND SEVERE ASSAULTS.

8. Approve viol8 Median Table 1

9. Approve viol9 Table 2. CROSS-TAB TO TEST HYPOTHESES ABOUT APPROVAL % who did not strongly disagree

10. Approve viol10. PERCENT WHO DID NOT STRONGLY DISAGREE THAT THEY COULD…GENDER OF STUDENT MALES FEMALES p < ….think of a situation when I would approve of a husband slapping a wife’s face48.7% 39.3%.005 ….think of a situation when I would approve75.4% 74.8%.64 of a wife slapping husband’s face Table 2A. APPROVAL OF PARTNER VIOLENCE BY GENDER OF PERPETRATOR AND GENDER OF STUDENT

11. Approve viol11 CHART 1. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A HUSAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE

12. Approve viol12 CHART 2. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A HUSAND SLAPPING HIS WIFE AND GENDER OF THE STUDENT As reported by female students As reported by male students

13. Approve viol13 Table 3. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE TO TEST WHETHER GENDER AND APPROVAL OF VIOLENCE, AND THEIR INTERACTION, ARE RELATEDTO HITTING A DATING PARTNER Dependent Variable: CTATSP ASSAULT TOT by self - prev 393037.385 a 849129.67325.093.000 690301.7731 352.578.000 304009.8361 155.276.000 15786.5751 8.063.005 15571.67835190.5592.651.047 3481.97431160.658.593.620 10400196.970 5312 1957.868 15050000.0005321 10793234.3545320 Source Corrected Model Intercept SDT1 (gender) approve A01 (approve) VA10 A01 * VA10 Error Total Corrected Total Type III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. R Squared =.036 (Adjusted R Squared =.035) a.

14. Approve viol14 CHART 3. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A WIFE SLAPPING HER PARTNER

15. Approve viol15 CHART 4. PERCENT VIOLENT BY APPROVAL OF A WIFE SLAPPING HER HUSBAND AND GENDER OF THE STUDENT Female students Male students

16. Approve viol16 Dependent Variable: CTATSP ASSAULT TOT by self - prev 413968.729 a 851746.09126.468.000 640983.2941 327.856.000 281094.4491 143.777.000 24432.1341 12.497.000 16635.06135545.0202.836.037 16570.71635523.5722.825.037 10397091.90653181955.076 15080000.0005327 10811060.6355326 Source Corrected Model Intercept SDT1 A01 VA09 A01 * VA09 Error Total Corrected Total Type III Sum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig. R Squared =.038 (Adjusted R Squared =.037) a. Table 4. ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE TO TEST WHETHER GENDER AND APPROVAL OF VIOLENCE, AND THEIR INTERACTION, ARE RELATEDTO HITTING A DATING PARTNER (gender) (approve)

17. Approve viol17 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SECTIONS RESULTS * Describe the results without using numbers and without using “positively correlated” or “negatively correlated” * Number and letter them, as in slide 1 * Here is where to find the results for each research question: Question 1 = slide 9 Question 2 and 3 = slide 11 Question 4 = slides 12 and 15 Question 5 = slides 12 and 15 Question 6 = slide 13 &16 show the relationships, Slides 14 & 17 give the tests of significance for the whether there is a moderator effect in the rows labeled A01 * VA10 and A01 * VA9 DISCUSSION What do you think might explain the results for Question 3?

18. Approve viol18 INDIVIDUAL ATTITUDES AND CULTURAL NORMS ABOUT HITTING A PARTNER ATTITUDES A psychological or social psychological construct CULTURAL NORMS A sociological/anthropological concept * Two sides of a coin * The average or typical attitude indicates what the norms are If most people in a society or sector of society believe that: 1. Spanking children is sometimes necessary 2. Marrying someone of a different race or religion should be avoided 3. Believe there are circumstances when they would approve a husband slapping a wife We can interpret this as evidence that the cultural norms 1. Approve of corporal punishment 2. Disapprove of interracial marriage 3. Approve or permit hitting a partner This lab uses individual students, not the nations, as the units of study * So the data is about whether individual attitudes are related to behavior * But if a majority of students approve, we can take that as evidence on whether cultural norms approving partner violence