1. Unit E

2. Terminology Abduction adduction Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton Ball and socket joint Bursa Circumduction Compact bone Diaphysis Endosteum Epiphysis Extension Flexion Fontanel Hemopoiesis Joint Medullary canal Ossification Osteocytes Periosteum Pronation Rotation Spongy bone Supination Suture Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Synovial fluid

3. Disorders and Related Terminology Arthritis Arthroscopy Closed reduction Dislocation Fractures Greenstick fracture Kyphosis Lordosis Open reduction Scoliosis Sprain Strain Traction

4. Skeletal System 206 bones Functions 1.Supports body and provides shape 2.Protects internal organs 3.Movement and anchorage of muscles 4.Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus) 5.Hemopoiesis (red marrow of the bone is the site of blood cell formation – red marrow is in long bones, sternum and ilia). Osteocytes - mature bone cell

5. Bone Formation Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head 8 weeks: –Ossification begins (mineral matter begins to replace cartilage) –Infant bones soft because ossification is not complete

6. Sutures The bones enclosing the brain have large flexible fibrous joints (sutures) which allow, firstly, the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly, postnatal brain growth.

7. Structure of Long Bone Diaphysis – shaft Epiphyses – ends Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

8. Structure of Long Bone continued Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made. Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

10. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid (u-shaped bone in neck to which the tongue is attached) Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs (126 bones total)

12. Human Rib Cage

13. Appendicular skeleton Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Tibia and Fibula Patella Tarsal bones Calcaneus Metatarsals

16. Spine – Vertebral Column Encloses the spinal cord Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage –Intervertebral discs Cervical Vertebrae (7) –Atlas – 1 st cervical vertebrae –Axis – 2 nd cervical vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

17. muscles become paralysedmuscles become paralysed

18. Vertebral Column

19. Joints Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement: –Diarthrosis – movable –Amphiarthrosis – partially movable –Synarthrosis – immovable Articular cartilage – covers joint surface Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints

20. Types of Joints

21. Ball and socket –Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket of 2 nd bone. Shoulders and hips Hinge –Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers Pivot –Those with an extension rotate on a 2 nd arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis Gliding –Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine

22. Articular Cartilage It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones. collagen

23. Synovial Fluid It’s a boundary- layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage.

24. Types of Motion Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Pronation Supination

25. FLEXION Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing.

26. Extension A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another.movement

27. Abduction A motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body. Adduction A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

28. Circumduction The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball- and-socket joint or the eye.ball- and-socket joint eye

29. Rotation A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.

30. Pronation A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.

31. Supination The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.

32. Disorders of the Bones and Joints Fracture- a break Treated by: –Closed reduction- cast or splint applied –Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation) –Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place Used for fractures of long bones

33. Fractures Closed or simple –bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin Open or compound – broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection Greenstick –in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates Comminuted –splintered or broken into many pieces Spiral –bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

35. Disorders Cont. Dislocation –Bone displaced from proper position in joint Sprain –sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated Radiology –X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of bones

36. Curvature of Spine Kyphosis –Hunchback Lodosis –Swayback Scoliosis –Lateral curvature

37. Bone Disorders Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture. Osteomyelitis – bone infection Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

38. OsteoporosisOsteomyelitis Osteosarcoma

39. Dx and Rx Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

40. Arthroscopy Arthroplasty Microdiskectomy

41. Diseases of Bone Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa (joint sac)

42. Diseases of Bone continued Arthritis An inflammation of one or more joints. Osteoarthritis- degenerative, occurs with aging, 80% of Americans suffer, joints become enlarged and painful

43. Rheumatoid Arthritis –A chronic, autoimmune disease- joints become swollen and painful, joint deformities common

44. Bursitis

45. Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis

46. Diseases of Bones cont. Gout- Increase of uric acid deposited in joint cavity, mostly the great toe in men.

47. Whiplash Trauma to the cervical vertebra

48. Herniated disc Intervertebral disc ruptures or protrudes, putting pressure on spinal nerves.

49. Rickets Found in children, caused by lack of vitamin D, bones become soft.

51. Diseases of Bones Cont. Osteomalacia – softening of bones caused by deficiency in phosphorous or calcium Bone marrow aspiration – removal of marrow sample with a needle for diagnostic purposes

52. Bone Marrow Aspiration

53. That’s the bones of it!