1. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP In 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors Jean-louis Faure CEA-DAPNIA-SPP Progress with Photo-detectors

2. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Photo-detectors Vacuum Devices Solid States Detectors Gaseous Detectors High Energy Physics Astro-Physics Medecine Restriction to Visible Light

3. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Requirements I Photon counting capability In scintillation detection In Cerenkov light detection Pixelisation & Single photon Scintillating fiber Cerenkov counter RICH Low photon Yield (single photon) Gain Speed Large Surface Coverage Harsh Environement Magnetic field Radiation field High Energy Physics Medicine Astro Physics

4. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Requirements II Resolution reminder

5. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Requirements III Resolution reminder G >>ENC or ENC small !! N background << N signal QE as high as possible ENF as close as 1. C col as close as 100% N  as large as possible !!!

6. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Requirements IV Resolution summary No.of Photons Energy Resolution 0.001 Poisson (statistic) Limit ENF=1 QE=1 Ccol=1 Photo Diode Avalanche Photo-diode Hybrid Photo-Diode PMT 0.01 0.1 1 10 10 1 10 2 10 7 10 3 10 4 10 6 10 0

7. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Vacuum Devices Vacuum Devices are the ground of Photodetection since more than 40 years There are still important progress made and to be made ? Last years a lot of efforts on “Compactness” Flat PMT “Pixelization”Multi-anode PMT “Hybridation”Hybrid Photo-diode

8. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP FLAT PMT Hamamatsu 64 Pixels Metal Channel dynode RICH2002 J. Va’vra (SLAC)

9. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Delft Electronic Products B.V. HPDs LHCb 19 x 5.5mm 73 x 2.75mm CMS HCAL Photon Counting possibility

10. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP MultiAnode PMT Hamamatsu R7600-M16/M64 EUSO Focal Plane 2.5 m diameter 250.000 pixels Hamamatsu R5900 series M64 (64 anodes – metal dynode chains) Enhancing the actual active surface From 38 % to 85 % From RICH2002 Workshop: Franz Muheim (U.of Edinburgh)

11. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP ”Large” PMT Examples 1 km 10 TeV Muon Event ICECUBE (Amanda II) 60 PMTs/string 80 strings 4800PMTs AUGER 1600 water tanks 3 PMTs ≈ 4800 PMT of 9” Photonis XP1805/D1

12. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Quantum Efficiency

13. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP MCP R&D Photoelectron photon Faceplate Photocathode ! V ~ 300V Dual MCP ! V ~ 3000V 6 ! V ~ 300V Anode Gain ~ 10 6 Burle Planacom™ Micro Channel Plate MCP-PMTs Silicon Micro Channel Plate Silicon MCP are made by photolithography 5  m pores Potential large surface Strip readout (X and Y) pixel nb reduction From O.Siegmund SSL UCB

14. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPPAPDs 5 mm CMS ECAL Double APD

15. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP APDs con’t k is the hole / elec velocity ratio G the gain

16. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP APDs R&D How to overcome the ENF versus Gain issue = How to operate at high gain without increasing ENF Run at low temperature Reverse APDs LAAPD Large Array APD Build a HAPD HPMT using an APD instead of an PIN diode

17. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Silicon PM by P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein et. al. G= 2x10 6 ENF≈1 QE≈10% Sensitive area 1.5x1.5 mm

18. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPP Gaseous Photo Detector fast signals [1-10 ns] high gain [>10 5 ] sensitivity to single photoelectrons operation in noble gases (mixtures) high 2D precision Multi-GEM GMPTs From Breskin et al. CsI Quantum Efficiency CsI photo-cathode mature technology Is well adpated to RICH How to work in visible light ? A possible solution for very large surface detector

19. October 2002Sienna, JL. Faure, DAPNIA/SPPSummary Huge progress in small pixel photodetectors Hybid devices [HPD, MaPMT,….] Solid states arrays [PiN, APD,….] R&D Hybrid improvement (HAPD) Promising use of nano-technology Silicon MCP Very Large surface (volume) coverage Vacuum devices today only solution ? R&D needs Dream no vacuum Large area photo-cathode High Energy Physics & Medicine Astro Particule & Astrophysics