2. What is cell? Cell is the basic unit that build up organism. What do you call the structures in a cell? The structures in a cell is called organelles. State the organelles in an animal cells. Cell membrane, mitochondrion, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, centriole, golgi apparatus.

3. Animal Cell 1234 5678

4. Plant Cell ch cw

5. Chloroplast Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Cell membrane Cell wall (made of cellulose) Plant Cell

6. Nucleus

7. Endoplasmic Reticulum

8. Ribosome

9. Golgi Apparatus

10. Plasma membrane

11. Mitochondrion

12. Lysosome

13. Centrioles

14. Chloroplast

15. Cell Wall

16. Activity 2.1.2 Draw a table to list the functions of organelles in animal cells and plant cells. OrganellesFunctions

17. OrganelleFunctions Cell membrane Cell membrane forms a boundary to separate the content of a cell from outer environment. Cell membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cytoplasm. Cell wall Cell wall gives shape to a plant cell. Cell wall provides mechanical support for the plant cells. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell. Nucleus Nucleus contains genetic information that determines the characteristics and functions of the cell. Nucleus controls all the activities which take place in the cell. vacuole Vacuole regulates water balance in the cell. Vacuole acts as a storage place in a cell. Task 2.1.2 Complete the below table to state the functions of each organelle.

18. MitochondrionMitochondria carry out cellular respiration to release energy in form of ATP. RibosomeRibosomes synthesise protein. Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER transports proteins made by ribosome. Smooth ER is the site of metabolic reactions – synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs and poisons. Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus process, package and transport carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipid and glycoprotein. LysosomeLysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest complex organic molecules. Lysosome eliminates worn out mitochondria and other damaged organelles. CentrioleCentriole functions during cell division in animal cells. ChloroplastsChloroplast traps sunlight and converts light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis

19. You have learnt about the cellular components of animal and plant cells. Now, carry out a discussion among your group to compare and contrast the structure of animal and plant cells. You can present your findings by using table. Animal CellPlant Cell

20. CORRECTIONS Similarities: Both animal cell and plant cell have a nucleus, a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. Differences: Animal CellPlant Cell Animal cell does not have fixed shape / regular shape. Plant cell has fixed/regular shape. Animal cell does not have cell wall. Plant cell has cell wall. Animal cell does not have chloroplasts. All green plants have chloroplasts. Animal cell does not have vacuole or if have, vacuoles are usually small and numerous. Mature plant cell has a large central vacuole. Animal cell has centrioles.Plant cell does not have centrioles. Animal cell stores carbohydrate in the form of glycogen. Plant cell stores carbohydrate in the form of starch.

21. How does a unicellular organism perform its living processes? It depends on its cellular components which include the organelles.

23. Multicellular organisms are made up of many types of cells. The cells undergo specialisation to become specific in order to perform different function. Therefore, certain organelles are found abundant ly in the specific cells. For example, pancreatic cells which synthesise and secrete enzymes and hormones contain a high density of rough endoplasmic reticulum.endoplasmic reticulum. The density of organelles in specific cells

24. Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism

25. Example of cell organisation in digestive system in a human

26. Cell organisation

27. Cell organisation in mammals

28. Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism Meristematic tissues Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues Permanent tissues Young, actively Dividing cells Young, actively Dividing cells Differention thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasm, no vacuoles. thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasm, no vacuoles. Tips of roots and buds of shoots Mature tissues Differention are haven’t located at have are have epidermal tissues, ground tissues, vascular tissues. epidermal tissues, ground tissues, vascular tissues. consist of

29. Different types of cells in plants which have been undergone specialisation

31. Parenchyma “typical” plant cells = least specialized  photosynthetic cells, storage cells tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots Collenchyma  unevenly thickened primary walls = support Sclerenchyma very thick, “woody” secondary walls = support rigid cells that can’t elongate  dead at functional maturity Plant cell types in tissues – Ground tissues

32. Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem -carry water & minerals up from roots tube-shaped dead cells only their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes Phloem carry nutrients throughout plant sugars (sucrose), amino acids… tube-shaped living cells

33. Regulating the internal environment Cells bathe in the internal environment which contain interstitial fluid. The internal environment must be regulated to maintain its level. Do you know why? The constant internal environment ensure the cells to function optimally. The process involves in maintaining the balance of internal environment is called …………………………. homeostasis Which type of mechanisms involves in homeostatic mechanism?

34. Corrective mechanism Normal value (set point) Normal value (set point) The value drops below the set point Corrective mechanism Normal value (set point) Normal value (set point) The value rises above the set point

37. Vacuole

38. Sample Answer : Compare and contrast animal cell and plant cell Animal CellPlant Cell Both animal cell and plant cell have plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondrion. Animal cell has centriole and lysosome. Plant cell does not have centriole and lysosome. Animal cell does not have cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplast. Plant cell has cell, wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplast. Animal cell has irregular shape. Plant cell has regular / fixed shape. Animal cell stores carbohydrates in the form of glycogen. Plant cell stores carbohydrates in the form of starch.

39. Sample Answer: By giving appropriate examples, describe how different organelles work together to enable the cell to function in an orderly manner. Pancreas cell functions to produce enzyme. To produce enzyme, ribosome sends mRNA messenger to nucleus to copy DNA code. mRNA messenger returns to ribosome. Ribosome synthesise proteins based on the code. Proteins enters rough endoplasmic reticulum and is enclosed in vesicle. Vesicle with proteins fuses with Golgi apparatus. The proteins is modified to form specific enzyme. Then, the enzyme is enclosed in secretory vesicle. The secretory vesicle will fuse with plasma membrane and releases the enzyme out from the cell.