1. F ROM THE P ALEOLITHIC TO THE NEOLITHIC : The Sedentarization of Man Sec. 1 History Miss Witczak, HRHS.

2. What were some of the characteristics of the Paleolithic Era (the Old Stone Age)?

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PALEOLITHIC ERA Approx. 2 MILLION BCE to 9000 BCE Lived in SMALL GROUPS OF 20-30 PEOPLE HUNTER- GATHERERS Division of LABOUR: Men HUNTED and FISHED Women GATHERED food and CARED FOR CHILDREN. NOMADIC Followed WILD GAME and RIPENING FRUIT Invented CLOTHING Made TOOLS from ROCK, WOOD and BONE. CAVE PAINTINGS were RELIGIOUS RITUALS. Eventually learned how to MAKE FIRE.

4. PALEOLITHIC TIMES

5. WHAT CHANGED? Sedentarization is THE PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT OF A PEOPLE IN A TERRITORY. This began in APPROX. 12 000 BCE. People began to SEDENTARIZE in the MIDDLE EAST. This area is called the FERTILE CRESCENT. It is so-named because of its GEOGRAPHICAL SHAPE and the RICHNESS OF ITS SOIL. Today, this region includes ISRAEL, JORDAN, SYRIA, LEBANON and EGYPT.

6. T HE N EOLITHIC P ERIOD The NEOLITHIC PERIOD is characterized by the SEDENTARIZATION OF HUMANS. This word is of GREEK origin and it is made of of the words NEOS, meaning “NEW” and LITHOS, meaning “STONE”. It is also called the NEW STONE AGE.

7. C ONDITIONS W HICH A LLOWED FOR S EDENTARIZATION AGRICULTURE Emerged around 10 000 BCE in the FERTILE CRESCENT. This is called the AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION Humans noticed that SEEDS buried in the EARTH would sprout and grow into PLANTS. They used this OBSERVATION to develop AGRICULTURE. By FARMING, sedentary peoples could obtain LARGER AMOUNTS OF FOOD and learned that PLANTS could be made into TEXTILES (FABRICS TO MAKE CLOTHES).

8. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

9. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Emerged around 8000 BCE. People realized they could DOMESTICATE ANIMALS which ATE GRAIN. CAPTURED HERDS of animals and kept them in ENCLOSURES. Raised ANIMALS for FOOD. DOGS used for HUNTING and GUARDING herds. Approx. 4 000 BCE, humans use DONKEYS and HORSES as BEASTS OF BURDEN. WOVE WOOL and USED FUR from certain animals (ex: SHEEP, RABBITS, LLAMAS) to make CLOTHING.

10. D OMESTICATION OF A NIMALS ANIMALDATEAREA DOG11 000 BCEMiddle East SHEEP8000 BCEMiddle East GOAT8000 BCEMiddle East COW8000 BCEMiddle East PIG7000 BCEMiddle East HORSE4000 BCEWestern Asia LLAMA4000 BCEAndes DONKEY35000 BCEMiddle East DROMEDARY3000 BCEArabia GOOSE3000 BCESoutheastern Europe CAMEL2500 BCECentral Asia CHICKEN1000 BCEPakistan

11. C HECK I T O UT ! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuVK6aHZyfQ This short video illustrates a hypothesis about the human domestication of animals, most notably dogs. There is a reason they’re called Man’s Best Friend: they’ve been with us for over 13 000 years!

12. S OCIETAL T IES A society is a CERTAIN NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS who: LIVE TOGETHER COORDINATE THEIR ACTIVITIES SETTLE IN A TERRITORY ORGANIZE THEMSELVES TO BETTER MEET THEIR NEEDS ESTABLISH LASTING RELATIONSHIPS

13. H OW W ERE N EOLITHIC S OCIETIES O RGANIZED ? Land Development People SETTLED near their AGRICULTURAL FIELDS and PASTURES. VILLAGES were very CONDENSED, meaning that the BUILDINGS were CLOSE TOGETHER. Surrounded by a STONE WALL Housed 150-200 PEOPLE. CATAL HUYUK is one of the WORLD’S OLDEST VILLAGES. It is located in PRESENT-DAY TURKEY. Home to 7000 PEOPLE. Houses were SQUARE or RECTANGULAR and made of BRICK. NO STREETS: houses were CONNECTED TO ONE ANOTHER. INSIDE WALLS were painted with FRESCOES.

14. CATAL HUYUK, 6000 BCE.

15. N OTION OF O WNERSHIP When HUMAN BEINGS began producing their OWN FOOD, they started to CLAIM TERRITORY for themselves. People wanted to PROTECT THEIR CROPS. FERTILE LANDS became a SOURCE OF CONFLICT.

16. D IVISION O F L ABOUR As a result of FOOD SURPLUS, the POPULATION GREW. New DIVISION OF LABOUR SKILLED TRADES emerged. SPECIAL TRAINING developed for CERTAIN JOBS. NEW ACTIVITIES included MINING, BASKET-MAKING, POTTERY, WEAVING, METALLURGY and WAR. New JOBS lead to new SOCIAL GROUPS within the SOCIETIES.

17. D IVISION OF L ABOUR ( IN ANCIENT EGYPT )

18. TRADE NEOLITHIC PEOPLES exchanged GOODS and SERVICES without the use of MONEY. This is called the BARTER SYSTEM. Ex: LIVESTOCK BREEDERS exchanged MILK for JARS or BASKETS. ARCHAEOLOGISTS know that the NEOLITHIC PEOPLE traded ACROSS REGIONS because they found RAW MATERIALS far away from their REGIONS OF ORIGIN. This means that MERCHANTS travelled LONG DISTANCES to TRADE PRODUCTS.

19. POLITICAL POWER In NEOLITHIC VILLAGES, the amount of WORK that needed to be done required a great deal of ORGANIZATION. SOCIETIES needed POLITICAL STRUCTURE. SOCIAL HIERARCHIES developed due to POWER DIFFERENCES between GROUPS. VILLAGE COUNCIL Hypothesis: An ASSEMBLY gathers together the FAMILIES of the village to make COMMUNITY-BASED DECISIONS. CENTRAL AUTHORITY Hypothesis: A SINGLE LEADER, advised by his CLOSE FAMILY and FRIENDS, controls the VILLAGE and COORDINATES the work.