1. Classroom Assessments Chapter Fourteen

2. The Big Picture How can a teacher be sure to use the information from assessment to grade students fairly? How can a teacher be sure to use the information from assessment to grade students fairly? How can teachers using their own tests ensure they are clear and fair? How can teachers using their own tests ensure they are clear and fair? How does a teacher accommodate to school-wide grading policies that do not seem to apply to his or her class? How does a teacher accommodate to school-wide grading policies that do not seem to apply to his or her class? How can a teacher allow students to do extra work to make up for poor performance, while still being fair to other students who scored well the first time around? How can a teacher allow students to do extra work to make up for poor performance, while still being fair to other students who scored well the first time around?

3. Classroom Assessment Formal Assessments: objective and rigorous method for obtaining info about student learning (e.g., tests, quizzes) Formal Assessments: objective and rigorous method for obtaining info about student learning (e.g., tests, quizzes) Informal Assessments: observations that teachers make in the classroom Informal Assessments: observations that teachers make in the classroom Evaluating Achievement Evaluating Achievement Measurements: data on student performance Measurements: data on student performance Evaluation: process of making judgments based upon the measurements Evaluation: process of making judgments based upon the measurements

4. Classroom Assessment Criterion - Referenced Grading System: grade rep. specific set of accomplishments, can be identified for one student independent of another Criterion - Referenced Grading System: grade rep. specific set of accomplishments, can be identified for one student independent of another Norm - Referenced Grading System: a grade rep. how well a student has done compared to other students Norm - Referenced Grading System: a grade rep. how well a student has done compared to other students The Goals of Assessment The Goals of Assessment Motivation and Learning Motivation and Learning Student Feedback Student Feedback Teacher Feedback Teacher Feedback

5. Elements of Traditional Testing What Material Should the Test Cover What Material Should the Test Cover Consulting Published Sources Consulting Published Sources Using Instructional Objectives Using Instructional Objectives The When and How of Testing The When and How of Testing Give More Frequent, Shorter Tests Give More Frequent, Shorter Tests Consider Testing Conditions Consider Testing Conditions Ensure Clear Directions Ensure Clear Directions

6. Developing Objective Test Questions Multiple-Choice Items Multiple-Choice Items True/False Items True/False Items Matching Items Matching Items Fill-In-The-Blank Items Fill-In-The-Blank Items Short Answer Short Answer Evaluate Objective Items Evaluate Objective Items

7. Developing Essay Tests When to Use Essay Tests When to Use Essay Tests Subjective Subjective Expectations Expectations Writing Essay Questions Writing Essay Questions Grading Grading

8. Authentic Assessment Characteristics of Authentic Assessments Characteristics of Authentic Assessments Not Timed, Collaboration with Other, Mimic Real-World, Should Challenge Students Not Timed, Collaboration with Other, Mimic Real-World, Should Challenge Students Portfolios Portfolios Exhibitions Exhibitions Evaluation of Portfolios Evaluation of Portfolios

9. Grading and Reporting The Impact of Grades The Impact of Grades General Grading Guidelines General Grading Guidelines Base Grades on Multiple Sources Base Grades on Multiple Sources Comply with School Rules Comply with School Rules Only Grade when Necessary Only Grade when Necessary Consider How Much Feedback is Needed Explain the System Clearly Grades Must be Made Available Relative vs. Absolute Grading Relative vs. Absolute Grading

10. Criterion- and Norm-Referenced Grading Criterion-Referenced Grading Criterion-Referenced Grading Contract Systems Contract Systems Norm-Reference Systems Norm-Reference Systems

11. Grading Systems Total-Point System Total-Point System Percentage Grading System Percentage Grading System

12. End Chapter Fourteen