1. Classification Go to Section:

2. The Challenge Biologists have identified and named approximately 1.5 million species so far. They estimate that between 2 and 100 million species have yet to be identified.

3. 1. Why Classify? To study the diversity of life To organize and name organisms 2. Why give scientific names? Common names are misleading Finding Order in Diversity Go to Section: jellyfishsilverfishstar fish None of these animals are fish!

4. Some organisms have several common names Go to Section: This cat is commonly known as: Florida panther Mountain lion Puma Cougar Scientific name: Felis concolor Scientific name means “coat of one color” Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

5. Slide # 6 Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy Go to Section: Carolus Linnaeus 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature a.Two name naming system b.Gave organisms 2 names Genus (noun) and species (adjective) Rules for naming organisms 1. Written is Latin (unchanging) 2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase 3. Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

6. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Go to Section: Linnaeus’s System of Hierarchy Least specific Most specific

7. Binomial Nomenclature Example For example, the polar bear is named Ursus maritimus. The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.

8. Modern Classification Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, such as genus and family, based on visible similarities. Darwin ’ s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

9. Modern Classification Modern biologists group organisms into categories representing lines of evolutionary descent. Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus. Genus: FelisGenus: Canis

10. Similarities in DNA and RNA Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. They can sequence or “ read ” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.

11. Kingdoms and Domains In the 18 th century, Linnaeus originally proposed two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae. By the 1950s, scientists expanded the kingdom system to include five kingdoms.

12. The Five Kingdom System

13. The Six Kingdom System In recent years, biologists have recognized that the Monera are composed of two distinct groups. As a result, the kingdom Monera has now been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, resulting in a six-kingdom system of classification.

14. The Three-Domain System Scientists can group modern organisms by comparing ribosomal RNA to determine how long they have been evolving independently. This type of molecular analysis has resulted in a new taxonomic category—the domain.

15. The Three Domains The three domains, which are larger than the kingdoms, are the following: Eukarya – protists, fungi, plants and animals Bacteria – which corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. Archaea – which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.

16. Classification of Living Things The three-domain system BacteriaArchaeaEukarya Eubacteria Archae- bacteria ProtistaPlantaeAnimalia The six-kingdom system Fungi

17. List of the Three Domains and the Six Kingdoms 1. Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria 2. Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria 3. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

18. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria can live in many places on earth, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including other organisms Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Thick cells walls with peptidoglycan

19. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria come in different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped.

20. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria can cause a wide variety of diseases, such as strep throat, food poisoning and the Black Death (bubonic plague of the Middle Ages)

21. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria also play an important role in decomposition, nitrogen fixation and human digestion (E. coli) Soybean root containing billions of bacteria

22. Kingdom Eubacteria Procholorococcus – an autotrophic bacterium – What does that mean about how it gets its nutrients?

23. Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria from an Nitrifying Trickle Filter (NTF) stained with acridene orange. The stain makes DNA appear yellow and RNA appear orange.

24. Kingdom Archaebacteria Bacteria that live in extreme habitats, such as hot springs, geysers, volcanic hot pools, brine pools, black smokers Unicellular Prokaryotic Autotrophic or heterotrophic Cell walls without peptidoglycan

25. Kingdom Archaebacteria Morning Glory Pool in Yellowstone National Park – note the bright colors from the archaebacteria growing in the extremely hot water.

26. Kingdom Archaebacteria Some like it hot! Bacillus infernus

27. Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaebacteria can live deep in the ocean near geothermal vents called black smokers There is no light, so they carry out chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

28. Kingdom Protista Extremely diverse group Eukaryotic Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic Some with cell walls containing cellulose; some carry out photosynthesis with chloroplasts

29. Kingdom Protista Volvox – a colonial protist Euglena - autotrophic A slime mold Amoeba - heterotrophic

30. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Most are multicellular Heterotrophic (decomposers) Cell walls made of chitin

31. Kingdom Fungi Stilton cheese Bread mold

32. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic Cell wall of cellulose; chloroplasts present

33. Kingdom Plantae

34. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls, no chloroplasts

35. Kingdom Animalia Coral snake Sponge Flatworm Octopus Jellyfish Bear

36. ACTIVITY Each of you will make a worksheet on the five kingdoms and the three domains and the classification system The worksheet will be printed Should be one page The worksheet is made for you fellow students, in which they will take as a formative assessment. It has to be 15 points