1. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. 7-2 Overview Why Indirect Order for Bad News Messages A General Indirect Order Plan Adaptations of the General Plan to Specific Situations – Refused Requests – Claim Messages – Adjustment Refusals – Negative Announcements

3. 7-3 Bad News Message Usually in Indirect Order Bad news is received more positively when preceded by explanation. Why? Bad news can be shocking. Preparatory words ease the reader into the news. Hearing the (good) reasons first prepares the reader for interpreting the bad news correctly. Even if the reader expects bad news, the effort to spare his/her feelings is appreciated.

4. 7-4 But Exceptions Can Be Made Examples When the message will be routinely accepted When you know frankness is wanted When it’s in the reader’s interest to present important bad news right away (e.g. safety warnings)

5. 7-5 The General Indirect Plan Begin with a strategic buffer – Words that set up your strategy and – Acknowledge any preceding messages Set up the negative news Present the bad news positively Offer an alternative solution End with goodwill, specifically adapted

6. 7-6 Brief Review of a Procedure for a Refused Request Preliminary considerations: The news is bad. The reader wants something; you must refuse. Your goals are: – to say no and – to maintain goodwill. The first goal is easy; the second requires tact. You must present reasons that will convince.

7. 7-7 Indirect Plan for a Refusal Begin with words that identify the subject, are neutral, and set up the message. Present reasons using positive language and you-viewpoint. Refuse clearly and positively, embedding where possible to de-emphasize the negative. Include a counterproposal or compromise when appropriate. End with an adapted goodwill comment. The message plan: Opening Body Closing

8. 7-8 A Tactful, Courteous Refusal (1 of 2) Mr. Bragg, Your study of the progress of State University graduates is most commendable. We are pleased that you would ask our help in your efforts. Larry_Bragg@sdsu.edu In reviewing the requirements of your project, we find that it would be necessary to search through the personnel files of each of our 10,000 employees. As our regular staff is already working at capacity, may we suggest that we make our files available to you or your representatives? We ask only that you protect the confidentially of the information in the files. We would be pleased to give you working space in the records center. And we would assure you of the cooperation and assistance of our records personnel. As another alternative, may we suggest that you use a part-time student worker who is already acquainted with our files. From time to time, Ms. Mary Mahoney Request for alumni information

9. A Tactful, Courteous Refusal (2 of 2) We expect that these suggestions will help you in completing your project. We look forward to reading the results in the Alumni Bulletin. Terry As another alternative, may we suggest that you use a part-time student worker who is already acquainted with our file system. From time to time, Ms. Mary Mahoney has worked in our file center. We estimate that she could do your work in about five weeks, working her customary twenty hours a week. The cost would be about $900. If you prefer this arrangement, we would be pleased to contact her for you. has worked in our records center. And we would assure you of the cooperation and assistance of our records personnel. Larry_Bragg@sdsu.edu Request for alumni information 7-9

10. 7-10 Preliminary Considerations for Writing Claim Messages You believe that you deserve an adjustment. The fault lies with the reader. The goal is to present the your request convincingly without blaming the reader. Thus, you must think through the situation to develop a strategy that will persuade but not offend. You must choose your tone accordingly.

11. 7-11 Brief Review of Procedure for Claim Messages Begin with words that – Introduce the problem but – do not anger the reader. Describe the problem clearly. Make the account factual, not emotional. Make clear what kinds of damage or problems were caused. Lead systematically to the adjustment request. End with words that leave the door open for future relations with the reader. The message plan: Opening Body Closing

12. 7-12 Sample Claim Letter Subject: Error on ABC Invoice Dear Mr. Rodriquez, In looking over the bill for the services you provided our Association for its November 5- 7 conference, I see that we were charged $15 per day per room for Internet access. I’m sure you’ll recall that this fee was to be removed from our bill, as we agreed before the conference and as our contract stated. Please send an adjusted invoice so that we will be paying the correct amount and our financial records will be accurate. Thank you again for providing a wonderful venue for our conference. I’m sure it will be a memorable one for all who attended.

13. 7-13 Preliminary Considerations for Writing Adjustment Refusals The decision has been made to refuse an unjustified claim. The news is bad. The goal is to present the bad news in a positive way. Thus, you must think through the situation to develop a strategy to explain or justify the decision.

14. 7-14 Brief Review of Procedure for Adjustment Refusals Begin with words that – are on subject, – are neutral, and – set up the message. Present the strategy that will explain or justify. Make it factual and positive. Lead systematically to the refusal. Then refuse--clearly and positively. End with off-subject, friendly words. The message plan: Opening Body Closing

15. 7-15 Mr. Luce, Certainly we understand the concern expressed in your May 11 letter about getting just the right paneling for your new office building. That is why we do everything we can to ensure that our clients are pleased with the materials they purchase from us. In cases where customers have purchased from our regular stock, it is usually a simple matter to allow product returns. In your case, your architect specified a most unusual and distinctive finish. His specifications were very detailed, and we followed them to the letter. Although the finished paneling is genuinely beautiful, it is unique and cannot go into our regular stock. For this reason, we must consider the sale final. At this point, any adjustment in this case must be between you and your architect. Re: Special paneling return rjluce@uniquesupplies.com We are grateful that you chose J&V products for your distinctive building. We stand ready to meet your future needs to the letter. Dominic Terrado

16. 7-16 Negative Announcements They are the presentations of bad news to customers or employees. – Generally, they follow the indirect pattern – especially if news is very disappointing. – Thus, they follow the strategies previously reviewed.

17. 7-17 Typical Indirect Strategy for Negative Announcements Start with a buffer that sets up the explanation of the bad news. Present the justification. Cover the bad news positively but clearly. Help resolve any problem the bad news creates. End with forward-looking, friendly words. The message plan: Opening Body Closing

18. 7-18 Refusal Strategy Adapted to Another Situation – Refusal of a Discount Mr. Mertz: Thank you for your check for $945.07 on Invoice C 2008. Although it is a small matter, I feel that you will want to look over this invoice. Probably you just looked at the wrong column, but you will see that you wrote the check for the amount less the discount. As you know, the discount is allowed only when payment is made within ten days of billing. As Invoice C2008 is now 45 days past this date, we are crediting your account with $945.07, leaving an unpaid balance of $29.23. I am confident you will understand. Working with you and your excellent organization, Mr. Mertz, is always a pleasure. We look forward to serving you again soon. Ray Rojas Jason Mertz Payment on Invoice C2008

19. As you know, J&J Training succeeds because of you, our expert staff. Thanks to your efforts and the positive reputation you’ve built for our company, J&J continues to attract a relatively healthy clientele even in these economically challenging times. To ensure our success through this economic slump, we need to minimize expenses while also staying at the top of our game. One item in our budget that I believe we can trim without compromising our competitive edge is our travel expenses. Last year, travel to industry seminars cost J&J over $32,000. These trips enabled us to learn about the latest tools and teaching strategies, which are essential in our business. On the other hand, spending so much on this budget item takes support away from other functions, such as marketing and equipment maintenance, that are also critical to what we do. Fortunately, many of the organizations and companies who host the seminars we attend also offer online equivalents for many of their sessions. For example, J&J Training Staff Smarter Use of Our Travel Money 7-19

20. Overall, J&J is holding steady, even in this challenging economy. I appreciate your efforts to trim expenses where possible while continuing to deliver the kind of training that keeps our clients coming back and recommending us to others. Jim J&J Training Staff Smarter Use of Our Travel Money Fortunately, many of the organizations and companies who host the seminars we attend also offer online equivalents. For example, through the ASTD, one can purchase a two-hour webinar on training strategies for $200, which not only saves all travel expenses but also lets several people participate for one registration fee. The materials that can be downloaded from these seminars can also be shared. Attached to this email is a new travel authorization form. You’ll see that one part of the form asks you to verify that no comparable online substitute is available for the conference or event that you wish to attend. The form also includes a space where you can explain why it is important that you attend this particular event. I hope that using this form will enable us to trim a sizable amount off our travel expenses while still enabling us to stay abreast of the latest developments in our industry. 7-20

21. 7-21 Direct Negative Announcements Sometimes justified – if news is expected – when news is insignificant – when news may have positive possibilities

22. When a man sends you an impudent letter, sit right down and give it back to him with interest ten times compounded, and then throw both letters in the wastebasket. --Elbert Hubbard American Writer, Publisher, and Philosopher 7-22