1. Origins and Development of Congress GOV S-1351

2. Congressional Historical Eras and Electoral Discontinuities Critical periods 18001850190019502004 1812-20 1860-651896-19121964-1968 Congressional systems ExperimentalDemocritizingCivil WarTextbookPost-Reform

3. 1789-1812 (Experimental system) Electoral dynamicsOrganizational dynamics During critical period During cong’l system RulesComms.Party leadership -Elite electorate (Table 3.2) -Feds vs. Reps. -Floor supreme -”previous q” developed in the House -Ad hoc select comms. dominate -Loose formal organization

4. 1789-1812 Policies States RightsNational Government Anti- Federalists FederalistsPartisanshipSlaveryForeign Relations Fear of central gov’t Expansion made central gov’t essential -Floor supreme -”previous q” developed in the House Jay’s Treaty Isolationism, Jay’s Treaty

5. 1812-20 (Transition from Experimental to Antebellum systems) -Electorate expands -Federalists discredited -Slavery now an issue -Napoleonic Wars end

6. 1812-20 End of Federalists’ Strength –Failed to Support War of 1812 Ascension of Clay European Wars and Trade The War of 1812 Slavery and Taxes Growth of Nation –Balance Rule –Missouri Compromise

7. 1820-60 (Antebellum system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamicsRulesComms.Party leadership -Mass electorate -Whigs vs. Dems. Committees take agenda control -Standings dominate selects -comm chairs compete w/ Speaker -Regional divisions complicate Speakership selection -Senate leadership remains weak

8. 1820-60 Partisanship Whigs vs. Democrats – and third parties Standing Committees become powerful in House Jurisdiction under Speaker’s control Agenda becomes more formalized Slavery becomes the not-so-hidden issue Regional Differences become apparent –Whigs: central government –Dems: States’ rights

9. 1820-60 Policy Big National Issues –1820s-1840s: Tariffs, Banks, Improvements –1840s->1860s: Growth & Slavery Fugitive Slaves Slavery in D.C. Admission of California Texas, Mexican-American War Kansas-Nebraska Act –Whig Disintegration

10. Balloting for Speaker

11. Balloting for Clerk

13. The Effect of the Balance Rule Slavery Gov’t Activism Stylized House S S N N N N N  WH()WH() Slavery Gov’t Activism Stylized Senate S S N N  WS()WS()

14. 1860-1865 (Transition from Antebellum to Civil War System South excluded from national elections Party support highly regionalized

15. 1865-1896 (Civil War System) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamicsRulesComms.Party leadership -Dems. v. Reps. -Dem. Strength in the South -Rep. strength in the North -Knife-edged partisan margins - “Reed Rules” in the House -Parties take control of committee rosters -Appr. devolution -Party polarization -Party “strong”

16. Increased Partisanship and Procedures Modern Rules Committee (1880) –Randall, first Chair, created “special rules” (1883) Disappearing Quorum (1890) Speaker also chaired Rules Committee –Ended in 1910

17. National Elections and Economics Panic of 1873-1877: stock exchanges fail, >20% of railroads go bankrupt Panics of 1884 and 1890 (financial) Panic of 1894 (gold) –Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, –McKinley Tariff of 1890 Global depression, 1873-1896. Protectionism and “Free Silver”

18. Ideological divisions 52 nd Cong. (1891-1893) 80 th Cong. (1943-45)

19. 1896-1912 (Transition from Civil War to Textbook systems) Economic dislocations create Progressive/Populist movements

20. A Word about Senate Elections State legislative elections often brought about chaotic balloting Stories of corruption in Senate elections led to Progressive calls for reform 17th amendment: popular election of senators (1914) Still parties become more prominent

21. % joint ballot elections for Senate

22. Effective number of Senate candidates in states

23. 1912-1968 (Textbook system) Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamicsRulesComms.Party leadership -Regional support for parties -Dems pick up progressives and cities Battles over filibuster prominent in the Senate -Comms. dominate legislating & careers -consol. in 1946 -Party cohesion diminishes -party leaders brokers

24. Rise of careerism

25. 1968-1974 (Transition from Textbook to Post- Reform system Anti-war sentiment divorces supporters of strong defense from Dems. Civil Rights movement divorces southern Whites from Dems, but reinforces Black affiliation with Dems.

26. 1974-now (Post-Reform System Organizational dynamics Electoral dynamicsRulesComms.Party leadership -Reps conservative, Dems. Liberal -Regionalism per se deemphasized Floor proceedings open up -Comms important, but…. -Parties resurgent -Leaders more assertive (Republicans esp.)

27. Loss of regionalism in parties 80 th Congress 106 th Congress

28. Ideological separation of parties