1. Why study Germany 1862-1918 Role of Germany in 20 th century history What is the role of Germany today? Compare to Russian history German personalities German ideas and ideology

5. Unification of Germany It took ten years 1862- 1871 Klein-Deutsch –It was done by Prussia - Austria was excluded The Junker Bismarck was leading the way He solved the German problem with “iron and blood” but may be he created a new problem.

6. Pressures and problems Forces of unity: –Zollverein 1834 (Austria not in) –Nationalism, Herder, Grimm Frankfurt pre-parliament –Prussian expansionism Industrialization, social question –Modernization Market, railroads, industry, education

7. The Erfurt union 1850 Proposed by Prussia For North-German states Austria excluded Austria was not ready to be thrown out 11 states stood with Austria

8. Olmutz capitulation 1850 Erfurt cancelled German confederation revived under leadership of Austria To preserve power balance Austria is kept out of Zollwerein

9. Changing power balance What changed the power balance between Austria and Prussia 1850-62 in favour of Prussia? –Crimean war –Italian wars of unification –Improvements in the army –Economic progress

10. Bismarck called to power 62 The questions of the day will not be resolved by speeches or resolutions of the majority but by iron and blood Overcome domestic difficulties by bold foreign policy, the expansion of Prussia. He did not have a plan but floated on the stream of events.

11. Schleswig-Holstein war 64 –Increased Russian goodwill after Polish revolt –Prussia questioned Austria leadership in the Confederation –Christian IX breaks London protocol –Joint invasion with Austria but Prussia leader –Austria control Holstein - Prussia Schleswig –Bismarcks position in Prussia consolidated

12. Austro-Prussian War 66 The single most important political event of the 19th century Preparations: –Napolean III promises neutrality –Italy fights with Prussia and against Austria for Venetia War: –Invasion in Holstein –Deafeated Austria at Sadova

13. Consequenses Unification of Northern Germany Italy gets Venetia Austria prestige gets a blow (looks east Hungary home rule) France prestige also low Bismarck pardoned by the liberals

14. Franco-Prussian war 1870 After 1866 France wants compensation Did not get Luxemburg, southern-German states become uneasy. France against the Hohenzollern candidature Elms-Telegram gets France to declare war on Germany The french threat gets the southern princes to hand the crown to Prussia –Bismarcks triumph was to unite Germany without democracy, parliamentarism and Austria.