1. Formation of Nation States in Europe: Italy, The German Empire, Austria-Hungary, & Russia

2. Stage 1 Stage 2

3. MazziniCavour Garibaldi Victor Emmanuel

5. Manet

6. MonetDegas

7.  Criticize individualism  Pass lightly over individual liberty  Glorification of group loyalties (Nation & State)  What one wanted, in the present or future, could be described as historically necessary and bound to come.

8.  Army size  Liberal Industrialists vs. Junkers  Refusal of necessary $$$ to build the army  Appointment of Bismarck (Junker)  Bismarck – “realpolitik”  Strengthen Prussia – 1 st goal  Unify Germany – 2 nd goal  Constitutional Struggle:  Refusal to raise taxes  Taxes collected anyway

9.  “Not by speeches and majority votes… but by blood and iron.”  Denmark’s attempt to annex Schleswig  “All German” war against Denmark  Prussia occupies Schleswig and Austria gets Holstein  Austria denied passage to Holstein  Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)  Creation of the N. German Confederation  King of Prussia became the hereditary head

11. Renoir

12.  Goal – A war between France and Prussia would bring the S. Germanic states to Prussia  Spanish revolution – invite the King of Prussia’s cousin to be their king  Hohenzollern family refused  France demanded what? What happened?  French demanded what?  The King politely refused – “ems dispatch”  Bismarck’s rewording leads to what?  Short war – Napoleon III taken prisoner – Third Republic declared in France  At Versailles – the German Empire is proclaimed

13. King Wilhelm of Prussia becomes the German Emperor Bismarck and all the Prussian Officers and Representatives from all the German states - 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles

14.  Election of a French Constituent Assembly by universal male suffrage.  France must pay reparations (5 billion gold francs)  Germany got the border region of Alsace and most of Lorraine

15. Berte Morisot

16.  Compromise of 1867  Between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Hungary  Dual Monarchy

17. Alexander I Alexander II Alexander III

18. AbsolutismSerfdomIntelligentsia

19. Serdom Mir Land Allocation Zemstvos Duma??? Political Reforms – pushed by the LiberalsJudicial Reforms Bakunin Radical Societies

20. Alexander II Reforms Assassination Alexander III Repression