1. In Vitro Selection Screen a large number of plants or cells for a certain characteristics

2. Definition: Selection vs. Screening Selection: 1.The process by which some individuals come to contribute more offspring than others to form the next generation through intrinsic difference in survival and fertility or the choice of parent by the breeder 2.The process determining the relative share allotted individuals of different genotype in the propagation of a population 3.The process by which certain organisms multiply while other are less suited surrounding and die out

3. Definition: Selection vs. Screening Screening: 1.An investigation of a large number of organisms for the presence of a particular property 2.Use of a screen 3.Examining the properties, performance response of individuals, lines, genotypes or other taxa under an assortment of condition in order to evaluate the individuals or groups

4. Selection 1.The central step of the breeding process 2.The success depends on the ease and speed with which the superior plant within a segregating population can be identified 3.In classical breeding, selection is carried out on huge populations normally in the fields 4.Field selections are strongly influenced by environmental condition 5.There are uncertain and lengthy, especially in the case of breeding for quantitative characteristics with a polygenic background

5. Selection methods The most common breeding procedure was mass-selection which in turn was subdivided into negative and positive Negative selection The most primitive and least widely used method which can lead to improvement only in exceptional cases implies culling out of all poorly developed and less productive individuals in a population whose productivity is to be genetically improved The remaining best individuals are propagated as much as necessary Positive selection Only individuals with characters satisfying the breeders are selected from population to be used as parents of the next generation seed from selected individuals are mixed, then progenies are grown together

6. Selection 1.On the whole plant Field trials Green-house trials Laboratory trials (in vitro selection) 2. On the simple genome (in vitro selection) Haploid selection Single cell selection DNA probes

7. Target of In vitro Selection Whole plant (Seed/embryo) Organ Tissue Single Cells DNA 1. Seedlings of a culture filtrate from Leptosphaeria masculans (disease resistance) 2. Rice seedlings of salt enrichment media (Mineral tolerance) 1. Leaf segment of young barley with standardized spore of powdery mildew (disease resistance) 2. Petiole culture of sugarbeet on salt enrichment media (mineral tolerance) 1.Selection of somaclonal variation (disease resistance, environmental tolerance) 2.Selection using a selective agent (disease resistance, salt tolerance, metals tolerance, temperature stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance) 1. Selection for biotic stress resistance 2. Selection for a-biotic stress tolerance (cold, heavy metals, herbicide) 1.Quantitative trait loci 2.Marker assisted Selection 3.Marker assisted backcrossing

8. In vitro selection to heterogenous population Screen large number of plant or cells for a certain characteristics in sterile artificial medium Certain characteristics: 1.Biotic stress resistance 2.A-biotic stress tolerance Applying selection agent (screening)

9. Screening Agent CharacteristicsScreening agent Salt toleranceNaCl Drought tolerancePEG Mannitol Sorbitol Hydroxy-proline Herbicide toleranceRelated herbicide Diseases resistancePathogen culture filtrate Phytotoxin Pathogen itself

10. Types of selection methods Stepwise long term treatment Cultures are exposed to stress with gradual increase in concentration of selecting agent Shock treatment Cultures are directly subjected to a shock of high concentration and only those which would tolerate that level will survive

11. The Advantage 1.Freedom from the effect of climate and natural environment, which make it easier to measure slight difference in polygenic inherited traits horizontal or general disease resistance 2.The ability to handle large numbers of individuals in a very small space 3.The ability to work with the simpler genome of which allows the uncovering of recessive traits and additive characters within a relatively small population 4.The ability to shorten the time of selection 5.It can compliment field selection

12. The disadvantage 1.Loss of regeneration ability during selection 2.Lack of correlation between the mechanism of tolerance operating in the culture and those of the whole plants 3.Phenomenon of epigenetics It would emphasize here the necessity of growing all in vitro selected plants in the field Very often a powerful in vitro tolerance does not show up at the whole plant level under field condition