1. 1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology October 8 Lecture 9

2. Psychology 3052 Scoring Your Questionnaire: BAS/BIS 1.Reverse score items 10 and 19. 2.Sum the following items: 1, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 19 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 9, 11, 13, 18 14, 16, 17, 20 2

3. UBC’s most popular international learning programs at one event Check out programs Connect with students, staff and advisors Learn about next steps and how to apply Psychology 417A session: 2:00-2:50, Irving K. Barber, room 301 (Lillooet Room) For more information, visit students.ubc.ca/globalexfair 3

4. Application intake for Psychology 417A (Psychology and Developing Societies, international service learning course with placements in Africa, summer 2014) will close on November 17. 4 For information about the course, visit: http://www.students.ubc.ca/global/learning-abroad/ international-service-learning/current-programs/psych-417- developing-societies/.

5. Transformative Education: Exploitation, Violence and the Sexes ASTU400W Term 2: Mondays 1 – 4pm How does it work? A student-led seminar (8-15 participants) We explore and teach each other the course material as a group What are we learning? Topics on exploitation and violence from the perspective of both sexes Each topic will have a male- and female-focused component Topics include: trafficking, violence in religion, and violence in the media Interested? Email Gaylean Davies (course facilitator) at: gaylean@hotmail.com Check out the SDS website: http://studentdirectedseminars.ubc.ca/2013- 2014-seminars/ 5

6. Announcements 1. The grades for the first midterm exam are now available on the course website. The mean score was 67% (SD = 17%, range = 25% – 96%). 6

7. 2. The TAs are available during their office hours or by appointment to meet with you to review your exam: Boaz (TA for students with last names A-M): E-mail address: bysaffer@psych.ubc.ca Office hours: Wednesdays, 2:00-3:00, Kenny 2011 Sam (TA for students with last names N-Z): E-mail address: s.rumak@psych.ubc.ca Office Hours: Tuesdays, 9:30-10:30, Kenny 2011 7

8. 3. Boaz and Sam will hold extra office hours on: Thursday, October 10, 3:30-4:30, Kenny 2011 Wednesday, October 16, 11:00-12:00, Kenny 2011 8

9. 9 The peer mentors (Austin, Gordon) will hold a tutorial today: When? 5:30-6:30 Where? Kenny 2101 Reminder

10. A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 10

11. Psychology 30511 The Biological Perspective 11 3. What personality characteristics are heritable? 1. What are the goals of behavioural genetics? 2. What are heritability and environmentality and how are they assessed?

12. 3. contrast adoption studies and twin studies. 12 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 12 2. define the terms heritability and environmentality. 1. review the goals of behavioural genetics.

13. 13 6. discuss the heritability of diverse personality characteristics. 5. identify temperaments proposed in the literature. 4. discuss criticisms of adoption studies and twin studies.

14. Psychology 30514 What are the goals of behavioural genetics? Goal 1: To determine the degree to which individual differences in personality characteristics are caused by genetic factors versus environmental factors: 14

15. Psychology 30515 V P = V G + V E V P = Variation in an observable personality characteristic within a population. V G = Variation in the genetic factors that contribute to that characteristic. V E = Variation in the environmental factors that contribute to that characteristic. 15

16. Psychology 30516 Goal 2: To identify the genetic factors that contribute to individual differences in specific personality characteristics. E.g., the gene D4DR on chromosome 11 contributes to individual differences in “sensation seeking” (also referred to as novelty seeking). Goal 3: To identify the environmental factors that contribute to individual differences in specific personality characteristics. 16

17. Psychology 30517 Heritability: The proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance. What are heritability and environmentality and how are they assessed? Phenotypic variance: Individual differences in an observable characteristic (e.g., height, aggression, extraversion). Genotypic variance: Individual differences in genetic makeup. 17

18. Psychology 30518 E.g., Heritability of aggression =.67. Indicates that 67% of the observed variance in aggression within a population is due to individual differences in genetic makeup. 18

19. Psychology 30519 Environmentality: The proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to variance in environmental factors. E.g., Environmentality of ambition =.62. Indicates that 62% of the observed variance in ambition within a population is due to individual differences in environmental factors. 19

20. Psychology 30520 Heritability and environmentality are assessed using 2 methods: 20 1. Adoption Studies  Examine whether adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents with respect to a given characteristic.

21. Psychology 30521  For a given personality characteristic, two correlations are calculated: r 2 : The correlation between participants’ scores and the scores of their adoptive parents on the characteristic (reflects the influence of shared environment).  r 1 > r 2 indicates that the personality characteristic is heritable. r 1 : The correlation between participants’ scores and the scores of their biological parents on the characteristic (reflects the influence of shared genes). 21

22. Psychology 30522 2. Twin Studies  Examine whether monozygotic (MZ) twins are more similar than dizygotic (DZ) twins with respect to a given characteristic.  MZ twins share 100% of the same genes; DZ twins share 50% of the same genes. 22  A more powerful means by which to assess heritability and environmentality.

23. Psychology 30523  For a given personality characteristic, two correlations are calculated: r 2 : The correlation between DZ twins on the characteristic (reflects a small degree of genetic overlap).  r 1 > r 2 indicates that the personality characteristic is heritable. r 1 : The correlation between MZ twins on the characteristic (reflects a large degree of genetic overlap). 23

24. Psychology 30524  E.g., Dominance: r 1 =.57 (MZ twins) r 2 =.12 (DZ twins) Heritability = 2 (r 1 –r 2 ) Environmentality = (1.00–heritability) = 2 (.57–.12) =.90 = 1.00-.90 =.10 24

25. Psychology 30525 What personality characteristics are heritable? Temperaments Temperaments: Personality characteristics that appear during the 1 st year of life, persist across the lifespan, have a pervasive influence on behaviour, and are highly heritable. Buss and Plomin (1984) identified 3 temperaments: 25

26. Psychology 30526 1.Activity level: Degree to which an individual expends physical energy through motor activity (i.e., intensity of behaviour, speed of action). 2.Sociability: Degree to which an individual prefers to be with others rather than be alone. 3.Emotionality: Degree to which an individual becomes physiologically aroused in upsetting situations. Comprised of 3 components: anger, distress, and fear. 26

27. Psychology 30527 EAS Temperament Survey Score on items: 2, 7, 10, 17 = Activity Level 1, 6, 15, 20 = Sociability 5, 8, 13, 18 = Emotionality: Anger 4, 9, 11, 16 = Emotionality: Distress 3, 12, 14, 19= Emotionality: Fear 27

28. Psychology 30528 EAS Temperament Survey Means and Standard Deviations (Naerde et al., 2004), N = 939 MeanSD Activity level3.10.69 Sociability3.76.60 Emotionality: Anger2.94.69 Emotionality: Distress2.33.72 Emotionality: Fear 2.22.60 28

29. Psychology 30529 Heritability statistics (Wlodzimierz et al.,2003): Activity level:.58 Sociability:.42 Emotionality—Anger:.62 Emotionality—Distress:.54 Emotionality—Fear:.70 29

30. Other temperaments proposed in the literature: Effortful control/impulsivity (e.g., Kochanska & Knaack, 2003). Approach/avoidance (e.g., Rothbart et al., 2001; Eisenberg et al., 2004). Intelligence (e.g., Plomin, 1989). Behavioural inhibition (i.e., shyness; e.g., Kagan, 2011; Kagan & Snidman, 1991). 30

31. Psychology 30531 The Big 5 dimensions Heritability statistics (Jang et al., 1998; see also Yamagata et al., 2006): Extraversion:.50 Agreeableness:.48 Conscientiousness:.49 Neuroticism:.49 Openness to Experience:.48 31

32. Psychology 30532 Personality disorders Heritability statistics (Coolidge et al., 2001): Avoidant personality disorder:.61 Borderline personality disorder:.76 Histrionic personality disorder:.79 Narcissistic personality disorder:.66 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:.77 32

33. Psychology 30533 Heritability statistics (Blonigen et al., 2003; Bouchard et al., 1990; Tellegen et al., 1988): Fearlessness ………………………………………… >.95 Carefree Nonplanfulness (i.e., impulsiveness)……....94 Machiavellianism (i.e., enjoys manipulating others)....74 Social potency (i.e., skilled at influencing others) …..66 Aggressiveness ………………………………………...67 33

34. 3. contrast adoption studies and twin studies. 34 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 34 2. define the terms heritability and environmentality. 1. review the goals of behavioural genetics.

35. 35 6. discuss the heritability of diverse personality characteristics. 5. identify temperaments proposed in the literature. 4. discuss criticisms of adoption studies and twin studies.