1. PIA 3090 Comparative Public Administration

2. Presentations 1. Golden Oldies 2. Literary Map 3. Grand Synthesis

3. The Issues Recruitment, Education and Training

4. Focus: Entry into Public Sector Patterns of Recruitment- How the Bureaucracy is Selected?

5. Three Models of Recruitment Model of merit system- Career appointments, competitive examinations, and an end to patronage The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control Representation- especially majority representation relates to political accountability

6. Discussion What is the best way to recruit?

7. Recruitment Problems a. Management, eg. the Department, or the unit, often does not control recruitment b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process c. Commissions or personnel unit act as an intermediary Blocking Decisions

8. Human Resource Development 1. The Key to Merit 2.Issue: the difference between Education and Training 3. Professional vs. Management

9. Debate about the Ideal of Open (not closed) system- Importance of "Professional Class” Role of Professional Schools in producing that class. U.S model of open System

10. U.S. System Early, middle or late entry Deep political control and The possibility of "in and out"

11. TEN MINUTE BREAK

12. European Systems- Inherited by Much of World 1. Historically closed 2. Class based and 3. Limited to early entry

13. Differences in Closed Classes Differences in Closed Classes-  administrative  professional  Executive  Technical  Clerical  Industrial Differing views of technical skills, law and classical education

14. Armstrong's Classification Maximum Deferred Achievement-equitable (French revolutionary and Soviet ideal, and Jacksonian Democracy- Late Decision) Maximum Ascriptive- Western European model Progressive Equal Attrition- Fail out over time U.S. and Soviet reality and aspects of Post War German system. Partly open. Fairness depends on lateral entry (in and out)

15. Territorial Administration Issue: use of Prefects for control: Geographic Administrators- appointed from the Center. Eg. Governors in Putin’s Russia Integrated vs. Un-integrated Territorial vs. Function

16. Top Administrators a. U.K.- Oxbridge Generalist b. Russia- Engineers c. France- Legal/Technical d. Germany/Scandinavia- Legalist e. U.S.- Products of policy Schools: Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, Syracuse

17. Unique U.S. contribution- American system internationalized from the 1950s by Foreign Aid a. Concept of training b. Public Administration- skills c. analogy- business administration and engineering as models

18. Unique U.S. Contribution, Cont. Deep political penetration- note surprise in South Africa Open system- Concept of representative bureaucracy

19. Question What form of bureaucratic recruitment is used in each of your countries?

20. Comprehensive Question of the Day Armstrong's argument that education and training are critical variables in understanding "development" strategies in Western Europe and Soviet Union. Discuss. Apply them to at least one other region of the world.

21. Second Question It has been said that in terms of public sector reform, education and recruitment issues are the "only game in town." Defend or critique. How does recruitment relate to representation vs. merit issues?