1. Interprocess Communication

2. Resource Sharing –Kernel: Data structures, Buffers –Processes: Shared Memory, Files Synchronization Methods –Kernel: Wait Queues, Semaphores –Processes: Semaphores, file locks Data Exchange: –Kernel: Signals –Processes: Signals, Message Queues, Sockets, Pipes

3. Kernel Synchronization Struct wait_queue { Struct task_struct *task; Struct wait_queue *next; } Add_wait_queue(struct wait_queue **p, struct wait_queue *wait) { Unsigned long flags; Save_flags(flags); Cli(); __add_wait_queue(p,wait); // actual insert Restore_flags(flags); } Remove_wait_queue(….) { … }

4. Semaphores within Kernel Struct semaphore { int count, waiting; struct wait_queue *wait; } down(struct semaphore *psem) { while (--psem->count <= 0) { psem->waiting++; if (psem->count + psem->waiting <= 0) { do sleep(psem->wait) while (psem->count < 0); } psem->count += psem->waiting; psem->waiting = 0; } More complicated due to race conditions and not turning off interrupts

5. File Locking Locking Entire Files –Auxiliary file (lock file) – if it exists, lock fails. You can then sleep and retry. –Using fcntl() system call. Locking file areas –Using fcntl()

6. int sys_fcntl(unsigned int fd, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg); Cmd = FGET_LK (returns if locked or not), F_SET_LK (tries to lock, else returns), F_SETLKW (locks, else blocks) Arg = pointer to a flock. Struct flock { Short l_type; // F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK, F_SHLCK, F_EXLCK Short l_whence; // SEEK_SET (file start), SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END Off_t l_start; Off_t l_len; //0 indicates current and future end of file Pid_t pid; };

7. Doubly linked list file_lock_table is used Struct file_lock { Struct file_lock *fl_next; // singly linked for this inode Struct file_lock *fl_nextlink, *fl_prevlink; // across all inodes Struct task_struct *fl_owner; Struct wait_queue *fl_wait; Struct file *fl_file; Off_t fl_start, fl_end; } Struct file_lock *file_lock_table; Linux tracks down deadlocks and returns EDEADLK Locks are not transferred to child by fork but are retained in exec

8. Pipes mkfifo Or mknod p ls –l > fifo & more < fifo

9. Struct pipe_inode_info { Struct wait_queue *wait; Char *base; // address of FIFO bounded buffer Unsigned int start; Unsigned int len; Unsigned int lock; Unsigned int rd_openers; Unsigned int wr_openers; Unsigned int readers; // currently reading Unsigned int writers; // currently writing } Read/Write will not block if O_NONBLOCK is set in descriptor. Write operation is atomic (no intermixing of writes) as long as data does not exceed buffer size.

10. Int sys_ptrace(long request, long pid, long addr, long data) Request = PTRACE_TRACEME // trace me PTRACE_ATTACH // to trace child PTRACE_PEEKTEXT/PEEKDATA // to examine locns. PTRACE_POKETEXT/POKEDATA // to write PTRACE_CONT // to continue the child PTRACE_SYSCALL // continue until next sys call PTRACE_SINGLESTEP Debugging

11. How does gdb work? Forks a child process Child calls function with PTRACE_TRACEME Child then does an execve() on the program The execve call sebds a SIGTRAP to itself. In the handler, the process is halted, and parent is informed with SIGCHLD signal. Parent (debugger) waits for this signal using wait() It can inspect child memory, modify it, set breakpoints ( int 3 instruction) It requests PTRACE_CONT, child continues till trapping on an int 3 instruction. strace simply uses PTRACE_SYSCALL

12. System V IPC Support IPC permissions Struct ipc_perm { Key_t key; // using file name and char Ushort uid, gid; // owner Ushort cuid, cgid; // creator Ushort mode; // access modes } Semaphores Message Queues Shared Memory Sockets