1. Structure, Function of the bones and joints
The Skeletal System:
Structure, Function of the bones and joints

2. The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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3. Functions of Bones Support of the body Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
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4. Bones of the Human Body The skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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5. Bone Structure Typical Four Layers: Periosteum: Covers Bones
Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum
Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone
Bone Marrow: Fills the gaps between the spongy bone

6. Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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8. Bones are classified by their shape:
Long- bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs)
Short- usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle)
Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis)

9. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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10. Changes in the Human Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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12. Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
Hairline/ stress fracture- fracture that stays within the bone.- often occur in sports injuries- can be serious if not treated.
Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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13. The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral Column
Rib Cage
Slide 5.20a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14. Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and
bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.

17. Axiel Skeleton

18. Cranium Bones Parietal Bone Parietal Bone Frontal Bone Temporal Bone
Occipital Bone

20. Clavicle or Collarbone
The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your little finger.

21. Scapula
The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for the arms.

23. Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck bones) 
2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)
3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back) 

25. The atlas is the topmost vertebra and with the axis forms the joint connecting the skull and spine.
The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater range of motion than normal vertebrae.
They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.

26. Coccyx and Sacrum

27. Appendicular Skeleton

28. Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)

29. Radius and Ulna
Radius on Top
Ulna on Bottom

30. Carpals or (Wrist Bones)

31. Metacarpals (Top of Hands)

32. Phalanges (Little Fingers)

33. Rib Cage

35. Pelvis (Dancing Bone)

37. Femur (Largest Bone in the Body)

38. The Tibia and Fibula

39. Tarsals

40. Metatarsals

41. Phalanges

42. Calcaneous

43. There is an App for that!
Essential Anatomy 4- free version is the skeletal system
Anatomy Arcade

45. Joints
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two bones come together.
Fibrous- Immovable:connect bones, no movement. (skull and pelvis).
Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine or ribs).
Synovial- freely movable, much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.

46. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Figure 5.28
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47. Ball and Socket- 
A ball and socket joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)

48. Types of Joints
Hinge- 
A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an appendage. (Elbow, Knee)

49. Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other
Gliding- 
In a gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands, Feet)

50. Pivot Joint