1. Local-Spin Mutual Exclusion Multiprocessor synchronization algorithms (20225241) Lecturer: Danny Hendler This presentation is based on the book “Synchronization Algorithms and Concurrent Programming” by G. Taubenfeld and on a the survey “Shared-memory mutual exclusion: major research trends since 1986” by J. Anderson, Y-J. Kim and T. Herman

2. Remote and local memory accesses In a DSM system: local remote In a Cache-coherent system: An access of v by p is remote if it is the first access of v or if v has been written by another process since p’s last access of it.

3. Local-spin algorithms In a local-spin algorithm, all busy waiting (‘await’) is done by read-only loops of local-accesses, that do not cause interconnect traffic. The same algorithm may be local-spin on one architecture (DSM or CC) and non-local spin on the other. For local-spin algorithms, our complexity metric is the worst-case number of Remote Memory References (RMRs)

4. Peterson’s 2-process algorithm Program for process 1 1.b[1]:=true 2.turn:=1 3.await (b[0]=false or turn=0) 4.CS 5.b[1]:=false Program for process 0 1.b[0]:=true 2.turn:=0 3.await (b[1]=false or turn=1) 4.CS 5.b[1]:=false Is this algorithm local-spin on a DSM machine? No Is this algorithm local-spin on a CC machine? Yes

5. Recall the following simple test-and-set based algorithm Shared lock initially 0 1.While (! lock.test-and-set() ) // entry section 2.Critical Section 3.Lock := 0 // exit section This algorithm is not local-spin on neither a DSM or CC machine (A RMW operation always incurs an RMR)

6. A better algorithm: test-and-test-and-set Shared lock initially 0 1.While (! lock.test-and-set() )// entry section 2. await(lock == 0) 3.Critical Section 4.Lock := 0 // exit section Creates less traffic in CC machines, still not local-spin.

7. Local Spinning Mutual Exclusion Using Strong Primitives

8. Anderson’s queue-based algorithm (Anderson, 1990) Shared: integer ticket – A RMW object, initially 0 bit valid[0..n-1], initially valid[0]=1 and valid[i]=0, for i  {1,..,n-1} Local: integer myTicket Program for process i 1.myTicket=fetch-and-inc-modulo-n(ticket) ; take a ticket 2.await valid[myTicket]=1 ; wait for your turn 3.CS 4.valid[myTicket]:=0 ; dequeue 5.valid[myTicket+1 mod n]:=1 ; signal successor 0123n-1 valid10 1 0000 ticket

9. Anderson’s queue-based algorithm (cont’d) 0 ticket valid 10000 Initial configuration 1 ticket valid 10000 After entry section of p 3 0 myTicket 3 After p 1 performs entry section 2 ticket valid 10000 0 myTicket 3 1 myTicket 1 2 ticket valid 01000 After p 3 exits 1 myTicket 1

10. Anderson’s queue-based algorithm (cont’d) What is the RMR complexity on a DSM machine? Unbounded What is the RMR complexity on a CC machine? Constant Program for process i 1.myTicket=fetch-and-inc-modulo-n(ticket) ; take a ticket 2.await valid[myTicket]=1 ; wait for your turn 3.CS 4.valid[myTicket]:=0 ; dequeue 5.valid[myTicket+1 mod n]:=1 ; signal successor

11. The MCS queue-based algorithm (Mellor-Crummey and Scott, 1991) Type: Qnode: structure {bit locked, Qnode *next} Shared: Qnode nodes[0..n-1] Qnode *tail initially null Local: Qnode *myNode, initially &nodes[i] Qnode *successor Has constant RMR complexity under both the DSM and CC models Uses swap and CAS Tail nodes 1 2 3 n-1 n FTT

12. The MCS queue-based algorithm (cont’d) Program for process i 1.myNode->next := null; prepare to be last in queue 2.pred=swap(&tail, myNode ) ;tail now points to myNode 3.if (pred ≠ null) ;I need to wait for a predecessor 4. myNode->locked := true ;prepare to wait 5. pred->next := myNode ;let my predecessor know it has to unlock me 6. await myNode.locked := false 7.CS 8.if (myNode.next = null) ; if not sure there is a successor 9. if (compare-and-swap(&tail, myNode, null) = false) ; if there is a successor 10. await (myNode->next ≠ null) ; spin until successor lets me know its identity 11. successor := myNode->next ; get a pointer to my successor 12. successor->locked := false ; unlock my successor 13.else ; for sure, I have a successor 14. successor := myNode->next ; get a pointer to my successor 15. successor->locked := false ; unlock my successor

13. The MCS queue-based algorithm (cont’d)

14. Local Spinning Mutual Exclusion Using reads and writes

15. A local-spin tournament-tree algorithm (Anderson, Yang, 1993) O(log n) RMR complexity for both DSM and CC systems This is optimal (Attiya, Hendler, woelfel, 2008) Uses O(n log n) registers 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Processes Each node is identified by (level, number)

16. A local-spin tournament-tree algorithm (cont’d) Shared: - Per each node, v, there are 3 registers: name[level, 2node], name[level, 2node+1] initially -1 turn[level, node] - Per each level l and process i, a spin flag: flag[ level, i ] initially 0 Local : level, node, id

17. A local-spin tournament-tree algorithm (cont’d) Program for process i 1.node:=i 2.For level = o to log n-1 do ;from leaf to root 3. node:=  node/2  ;compute node in new level 4. id=node mod 2 ; compute ID for 2-process mutex algorithm (0 or 1) 5. name[level, 2node + id]:=i ;identify yourself 6. turn[level,node]:=i ;update the tie-breaker 7. flag[level, i]:=0 ;initialize my locally-accessible spin flag 8. rival:=name[level, 2node+1-id] 9. if ( (rival ≠ -1) and (turn[level, node] = i) ) ;if not sure I should precede rival 10. if (flag[level, rival] =0) If rival may get to wait at line 14 11. flag[level, rival]:=1 ;Release rival by letting it know I updated tie-breaker 12. await flag[level, i] ≠ 0 ;await until signaled by rival (so it updated tie-breaker) 13. if (turn[level,node]=i) ;if I lost 14. await flag[level,i]=2 ;wait till rival notifies me its my turn 15. id:=node ;move to the next level 16.EndFor 17.CS 18.for level=log n –1 downto 0 do ;begin exit code 19. id:=  i/2 level, node:=  id/2  ;set node and id 20. name[level, 2node+id ]) :=-1 ;erase name 21. rival := turn[level,node] ;find who rival is (if there is one) 22. if rival ≠ i ;if there is a rival 23. flag[level,rival] :=2 ;notify rival