1. Chapter 5 Table of Contents Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Heredity
Table of Contents
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section 3 Meiosis
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2. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Bellringer
You have probably noticed that different people have different characteristics, such as eye color, hair color, and ear lobes that do or do not attach directly to their head. Where do you think people get these different traits?
Write your answers in your science notebook.
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3. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Objectives
Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.
Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.
Explain the difference between dominant and
recessive traits.

5. Reading Check: What is heredity?
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Reading Check: What is heredity?
Heredity is the passing of genetic traits
from parent to offspring.

6. Chapter 5 Who Was Gregor Mendel?
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Who Was Gregor Mendel?
Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf, Austria.
At age 21, Mendel entered a monastery. He performed
many scientific experiments in the monastery garden.
Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, the
passing of traits from parents to offspring.

7. Unraveling the Mystery
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery
Mendel used garden pea plants for
his experiments.
Self-Pollinating Peas have both
male and female reproductive
structures. So, pollen from one
flower can fertilize the ovule of the
same flower.
When a true-breeding plant self
pollinates, all of the offspring will
have the same trait as the parent.

8. Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Pea plants can also cross-pollinate. Pollen from one
plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different
plant.
The image below shows cross-pollination and self-
pollination.

9. Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Characteristics Mendel studied only one pea characteristic at a time. A characteristic is a feature that has different forms in a population.
Different forms of a characteristic are called traits.

10. Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Unraveling the Mystery, continued
Mix and Match To be sure that his pea plants cross-
pollinated Mendel removed the anthers of one plant.
By doing so, he would know what to expect
if his plants were to self-pollinate.

11. Mendel’s First Experiments
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s First Experiments
Mendel
crossed pea
plants to
study seven
different
characteristics.

12. Mendel’s First Experiments
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s First Experiments
Mendel got similar results
for each cross. One trait
was always present in the
first generation, and the
other trait seemed to disappear.
Mendel called the trait that
appeared in the first
generation the dominant
trait. The trait that seemed
to fade into the background and
reappeared in the second
generation was called the
recessive trait.

13. plants to self-pollinate. In each case some of the second-generation
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second
Experiments
To find out more
about recessive
traits, Mendel allowed
the first-generation
plants to self-pollinate.
In each case some of
the second-generation
plants had the recessive
trait.

14. Reading Check: Describe Mendel’s second set of experiments.
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Reading Check: Describe Mendel’s second set
of experiments.
During his second set of experiments, Mendel allowed the first-generation plants, which resulted from his first set of experiments, to self-pollinate.

15. Mendel’s Second Experiments
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second Experiments
Ratios in Mendel’s
Experiments The
recessive trait
did not show up as
often as the
dominant trait.
Mendel decided to
figure out the ratio
of dominant traits to
recessive traits.

16. Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued
In all cases the ratio was about 3:1 dominant : recessive.

17. Reading Check: What is a ratio?
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Reading Check: What is a ratio?
A ratio is a relationship between two different numbers that is often expressed as a fraction.

18. Mendel realized that his results could be explained only if each
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Gregor Mendel – Gone
But Not Forgotten
Mendel realized that his
results could be
explained only if each
plant had two sets of
instructions for each
characteristic.
Mendel’s work opened
the door to modern
genetics.

19. Chapter 5 Section 5.1 Review
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Section 5.1 Review
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to
offspring.
Gregor Mendel made carefully planned experiments
using pea plants that could self-pollinate.
When parents with different traits are bred, dominant
traits are always present in the first generation.
Recessive traits are not visible in the first generation
but reappear in the second generation.
Mendel found a 3:1 ratio of dominant-to-recessive
traits in the second generation.

20. Chapter 5 Bellringer If you flip a coin, what are the chances
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Bellringer
If you flip a coin, what are the chances
that it will land on heads? tails? Suppose
that you flipped the coin and got heads. What are the chances that you will get heads again?
Record your answers in your science notebook.

21. Chapter 5 Objectives Explain how genes and alleles are related to
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Objectives
Explain how genes and alleles are related to
genotype and phenotype.
Use the information in a Punnett square.
Explain how probability can be used to predict
possible genotypes in offspring.
Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations.

22. Mendel’s Experiments (SECTION 5.1 REVIEW)
Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Mendel’s Experiments (SECTION 5.1 REVIEW)
In all cases the ratio was about 3:1 dominant : recessive.

23. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
Mendel knew that there must be two sets of instructions for each characteristic.
The instructions for an inherited trait are called genes. Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring.

24. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea
The different forms (often dominant and recessive) of
a gene are alleles.
An organism’s appearance is known as its phenotype.
Genes affect the phenotype.

25. Chapter 5 A Great Idea, continued
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
A Great Idea, continued
Genotype The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its genotype.
homozygous dominant = GG
homozygous recessive = gg
heterozygous = Gg

26. What are recessive genes?
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
SCIENCE HUMOR
What are recessive genes?

27. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Punnett Squares are used to organize all the possible genotype combinations of offspring from particular parents.

28. What do you get when you cross a bridge with a bicycle?
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
SCIENCE HUMOR
What do you get when you cross a bridge with a bicycle?
to the other side!!!

29. Probability is the mathematical chance that something will happen.
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Probability is the mathematical
chance that something will happen.
Probability is
most often
written as a
fraction of
percentage.

30. Calculating Probability
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Calculating Probability

31. Chapter 5 What Are the Chances?
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
What Are the Chances?
Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each offspring of a Pp x Pp cross has a 50% chance of receiving either allele from either parent. So, the probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2  1/2, which equals 1/4, or 25%.

32. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
Incomplete Dominance Researchers have found that sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over another.

33. Chapter 5 More About Traits
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits
One Gene, Many Traits Sometimes one gene influences more than one trait.
Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of several genes acting together.

34. More About Traits, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
More About Traits, continued
The Importance of Environment Genes aren’t the only influences on traits. A combination of things determine an individual’s characteristics.
Your environment also influences how you grow.
Lifestyle choices can also affect a person’s traits.

35. 1. What are the genotypes of the parents?
Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Quick Check Quiz!
In rabbits, the allele for black fur, B, is dominant over the allele for white fur, b. Suppose two black parents produce one white and three black bunnies.
1. What are the genotypes of the parents?
The parents must both have the recessive
allele, so they are both genotype Bb.
2. What are the possible genotypes of all four
siblings?
White has the genotype bb, and black may
have BB or Bb.

36. Section 5.2 Review Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section 5.2 Review
Instructions from an inherited trait are called genes.
For each gene, there are two alleles, one inherited
from each parent. Both alleles make up an
organism’s genotype. Phenotype is an organisms
appearance.
Punnett squares show all possible offspring
genotypes.
Probability can be used to describe possible
outcomes in offspring and the likelihood of each
outcome.

37. Section 5.2 Review Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section 5.2 Review
Incomplete dominance occurs when one allele is not
completely dominant over the other allele.
Some genes influence more than one trait.

38. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Bellringer
Write a sentence to describe each of the following terms: heredity, genotype, and phenotype. Note how genotype and phenotype are related, and how they are different. Is heredity necessarily a factor in both genotype and phenotype? Why or why not?
Record your answers in your science notebook.
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39. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Objectives
Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
Describe how chromosomes determine sex.
Explain why sex-linked disorders occur in one sex more
often than in the other.
Interpret a pedigree.

40. Chapter 5

41. Chapter 5 Asexual Reproduction
Section 3 Meiosis
Asexual Reproduction
In asexual reproduction, only one parent cell is
needed. The structures inside the cell are copied, and
then the parent cell divides, making two exact copies.
Asexual reproduction relates
to humans in that many body
cells reproduce this way.

43. Chapter 5 Mitosis Asexual reproduction is called mitosis. Mitosis is
Section 3 Meiosis
Asexual reproduction is called mitosis. Mitosis is
the process where the nucleus divides once. Most
of the cells in your body and most single-celled
organisms reproduce this way.
Mitosis

44. Chapter 5 Sexual Reproduction
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction
In sexual reproduction, two parent cells (sex cells) join together to form offspring that are different from both parents.
Chromosomes that carry the same sets of genes are called homologous chromosomes.
Each sex cell has only one of the chromosomes from the homologous pair.

45. Sexual Reproduction, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction, continued
Meiosis Sex cells are
made during meiosis.
Meiosis is a copying
process that produces
cells with half the
usual number of
chromosomes.

46. Genes are located on chromosomes.
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Sexual Reproduction, continued
Genes and Chromosomes Walter Sutton studied meiosis in sperm cells in grasshoppers.
Using his observations and his knowledge of Mendel’s work, Sutton proposed that:
Genes are located on chromosomes.

47. Chapter 5 The Steps of Meiosis
Section 3 Meiosis
The Steps of Meiosis
During meiosis, chromosomes are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice.
The resulting sex cells (sperm and eggs) have half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

48. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

49. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

50. Chapter 5 Meiosis and Mendel
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel
The steps of meiosis explain Mendel’s results. The following slide shows what happens to a pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis and
fertilization.

51. Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis

52. Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Sex Chromosomes carry genes that determine sex.
Human females have two X chromosomes.
Human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.

53. Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Sex-Linked Disorders The genes for certain disorders, such as colorblindness, are carried on the X chromosome.

54. Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Sex-Linked Disorders Sex-linked disorders occur more often in males because males only have one X chromosome.

55. Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Meiosis
Meiosis and Mendel, continued
Genetic Counseling Genetic counselors use pedigrees to trace traits through generations of a family. These diagrams can often predict if a person is a carrier of a hereditary disease.

56. used to create bigger and better things.
In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated. Selective breeding is
used to create bigger and better things.

57. Chapter 5 Section 5.3 Review
Section 3 Meiosis
Section 5.3 Review
In mitosis, chromosomes are copied once, and then
the nucleus divides once. In meiosis, chromosomes
are copied once, and then the nucleus divides twice.
The process of meiosis produces sex cells, which
have half the number of chromosomes. These two
halves combine during reproduction.
In humans, females have two X chromosomes. So,
each egg contains X chromosome . Males have both
an X and a Y chromosome. So, each sperm cell
contains either an X or Y chromosome.

58. Chapter 5 Section 5.3 Review
Section 3 Meiosis
Section 5.3 Review
Sex-linked disorders occur in males more often than
in females. Colorblindness and hemophilia are
examples of sex-linked disorders.
A pedigree is a diagram used to trace a trait through
many generations of a family.

59. Chapter 5
Heredity
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
alleles
parents
phenotype
genes
offspring
genotype
characteristics
dominant

60. Chapter 5
Heredity

61. Chapter 5
Heredity

62. End of Chapter 5 Show Header – dark yellow 24 points Arial Bold
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63. Chapter 5 CNN Videos Science, Technology, and Society: BioDiesel
Heredity
CNN Videos
Science, Technology, and Society: BioDiesel
Science, Technology, and Society: Bioengineered Plants

64. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

65. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The different versions of a gene are called alleles. When two different alleles occur together, one is often expressed while the other has no obvious effect on the organism’s appearance. The expressed form of the trait is dominant. The trait that was not expressed when the dominant form of the trait was present is called recessive. Imagine a plant that has both purple and white alleles for flower color. If the plant blooms purple, then purple is the dominant form of the trait. Therefore, white is the recessive form.

66. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A All alleles are expressed all of the time.
B All traits for flower color are dominant.
C When two alleles are present, the expressed form of the trait is dominant.
D A recessive form of a trait is always expressed.

67. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A All alleles are expressed all of the time.
B All traits for flower color are dominant.
C When two alleles are present, the expressed form of the trait is dominant.
D A recessive form of a trait is always expressed.

68. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, a trait that is not expressed when the dominant form is present is called
F recessive.
G an allele.
H heredity.
I a gene.

69. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, a trait that is not expressed when the dominant form is present is called
F recessive.
G an allele.
H heredity.
I a gene.

70. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. According to the passage, which allele for flower color is dominant?
A white
B pink
C purple
D yellow

71. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. According to the passage, which allele for flower color is dominant?
A white
B pink
C purple
D yellow

72. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Sickle cell anemia is a recessive genetic disorder. People inherit this disorder only when they inherit the disease-causing recessive allele from both parents. The disease causes the body to make red blood cells that bend into a sickle (or crescent moon) shape. The sickle-shaped red blood cells break apart easily.
Continued on the next slide

73. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued Therefore, the blood of a person with sickle cell anemia carries less oxygen. Sickle-shaped blood cells also tend to get stuck in blood vessels. When a blood vessel is blocked, the blood supply to organs can be cut off. But the sickle-shaped blood cells can also protect a person from malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by an organism that invades red blood cells.

74. Chapter 5 1. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia is a
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia is a
A recessive genetic disorder.
B dominant genetic disorder.
C disease caused by an organism that invades red blood cells.
D disease also called malaria.

75. Chapter 5 1. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia is a
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia is a
A recessive genetic disorder.
B dominant genetic disorder.
C disease caused by an organism that invades red blood cells.
D disease also called malaria.

76. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia can help protect a person from
F blocked blood vessels.
G genetic disorders.
H malaria.
I low oxygen levels.

77. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. According to the passage, sickle cell anemia can help protect a person from
F blocked blood vessels.
G genetic disorders.
H malaria.
I low oxygen levels.

78. Chapter 5 3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage?
A When blood vessels are blocked, vital organs lose their blood supply.
B When blood vessels are blocked, it causes the red blood cells to bend into sickle shapes.
C The blood of a person with sickle cell anemia carries more oxygen.
D Healthy red blood cells never get stuck in blood vessels.

79. Chapter 5 3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage?
A When blood vessels are blocked, vital organs lose their blood supply.
B When blood vessels are blocked, it causes the red blood cells to bend into sickle shapes.
C The blood of a person with sickle cell anemia carries more oxygen.
D Healthy red blood cells never get stuck in blood vessels.

80. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
The Punnett square below shows a cross between two flowering plants. Use this Punnett square to answer the questions that follow.

81. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the genotype of the offspring represented in the upper left-hand box of the Punnett square?
A RR
B Rr
C rr
D rrr

82. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is the genotype of the offspring represented in the upper left-hand box of the Punnett square?
A RR
B Rr
C rr
D rrr

83. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What is the genotype of the offspring represented in the lower right-hand box of the Punnett square?
F RR
G Rr
H rr
I rrr

84. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What is the genotype of the offspring represented in the lower right-hand box of the Punnett square?
F RR
G Rr
H rr
I rrr

85. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the ratio of Rr (purple-flowered plants) to rr (white-flowered plants) in the offspring?
A 1:3
B 2:2
C 3:1
D 4:0

86. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the ratio of Rr (purple-flowered plants) to rr (white-flowered plants) in the offspring?
A 1:3
B 2:2
C 3:1
D 4:0

87. Chapter 5 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

88. Chapter 5 1. What is another way to write 4  4  4? A 42 B 43 C 33
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is another way to write 4  4  4?
A 42
B 43
C 33
D 34

89. Chapter 5 1. What is another way to write 4  4  4? A 42 B 43 C 33
Standardized Test Preparation
1. What is another way to write 4  4  4?
A 42
B 43
C 33
D 34

90. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Jane was making a design on top of her desk with pennies. She put 4 pennies in the first row, 7 pennies in the second row, and 13 pennies in the third row. If Jane continues this pattern, how many pennies will she put in the sixth row?
F 25
G 49
H 97
I 193

91. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Jane was making a design on top of her desk with pennies. She put 4 pennies in the first row, 7 pennies in the second row, and 13 pennies in the third row. If Jane continues this pattern, how many pennies will she put in the sixth row?
F 25
G 49
H 97
I 193

92. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
A 0.012, 0.120, 0.123, 1.012
B 1.012, 0.123, 0.120, 0.012
C 0.123, 0.120, 0.012, 1.012
D 0.123, 1.012, 0.120, 0.012

93. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
3. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
A 0.012, 0.120, 0.123, 1.012
B 1.012, 0.123, 0.120, 0.012
C 0.123, 0.120, 0.012, 1.012
D 0.123, 1.012, 0.120, 0.012

94. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
4. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
F –12.0, –15.5, 2.2, 4.0
G –15.5, –12.0, 2.2, 4.0
H –12.0, –15.5, 4.0, 2.2
I 2.2, 4.0, –12.0, –15.5

95. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
4. In which of the following lists are the numbers in order from smallest to greatest?
F –12.0, –15.5, 2.2, 4.0
G –15.5, –12.0, 2.2, 4.0
H –12.0, –15.5, 4.0, 2.2
I 2.2, 4.0, –12.0, –15.5

96. Chapter 5 5. Which of the following is equal to –11? A 7  4 B –4  7
Standardized Test Preparation
5. Which of the following is equal to –11?
A 7  4
B –4  7
C –7  4
D –7  –4

97. Chapter 5 5. Which of the following is equal to –11? A 7  4 B –4  7
Standardized Test Preparation
5. Which of the following is equal to –11?
A 7  4
B –4  7
C –7  4
D –7  –4

98. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
6. Catherine earned $75 for working 8.5 h. How much did she earn per hour?
F $10.12
G $9.75
H $8.82
I $8.01

99. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation
6. Catherine earned $75 for working 8.5 h. How much did she earn per hour?
F $10.12
G $9.75
H $8.82
I $8.01

100. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

101. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

102. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

103. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

104. Chapter 5
Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

105. Chapter 5
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance

106. Chapter 5
Section 3 Mitosis

107. Chapter 5
Section 3 Mitosis

108. Chapter 5
Standardized Test Preparation