1. MALAYSIA: FLOODS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

2. MALAYSIA: KUALA LUMPUR IS THE FEDERAL CAPITAL

3. MALAYSIA Population: 23,522,482 Area: 329,750 km 2 Coastline: 4675 km GDP: $207.8 billion GDP Per Capita: $9,000

4. WESTERN MALAYSIA, WHERE KUALA LAMPUR IS LOCATED, IS AT GREATER RISK FROM NATURAL HAZARDS THAN EASTERN MALAYSIA

5. KUALA LUMPUR

6. KUALA LUMPUR AND PUTRAJAVA Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial, and economic center of Malaysia, and also the seat of Malaysia’s Parliament and the official residence of the King. Putrajava is the location of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, which were relocated from Kuala Lumpur in 1999.

7. KUALA LUMPUR The city covers an area of 243 km 2 (94 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2010. Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, was an urban agglomeration of 6.9 million in 2010 and one of the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Malaysia.

8. Floods and landslides from cyclones are the primary hazards affecting Malaysia. Effects from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are usually from distant sources. Droughts also occur.

9. MALAYSIA’S PRIMARY NATURAL HAZARDS CYCLONES FLOODS (especially during cyclone season) LANDSLIDES (TRIGGERED BY TOO MUCH RAIN OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING ) CYCLONES FLOODS (especially during cyclone season) LANDSLIDES (TRIGGERED BY TOO MUCH RAIN OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING )

10. WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE CYCLONES UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS STORM SURGE HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A SHORT TIME FLASH FLOODING (MUDFLOWS) LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) CAUSES OF RISK GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES

11. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURAL/CONTENTS DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK FLOOD DISASTER LABORATORIES

12. SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES LANDSLIDES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO LATERAL SPREADS SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE CAUSES OF DAMAGE GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES

13. MALAYSIA: FLOODING IN 2014

16. TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA A Paradigm Shift From Disaster Proneness Will Improve the Quality of Life in Malaysia

17. CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS QUO WHEN MALAYSIA IS AT RISK AND DISASTER PRONE - - - Will result in new and more complex HEALTH PROBLEMS WILL result in unnecessary DEATHS AND INJURIES WILL result in longer and more costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

18. TOWARDS FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT AND RISK REDUCTION Officials: We have to stop flood disasters from happening again

19. GOAL: MINIMIZE THE “DOMINO EFECTS” OF THE NEXT DISASTER

20. PHYSICALEFFECTSPHYSICALEFFECTS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

21. PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF FLOODS INUNDATION, HIGH-VELOCITY FLOW, HIGH-VOLUME DISCHARGE, EROSION, AND SCOUR

22. DAMAGE FROM INUNCATION AN ASSESSMENT INTEGRATES PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS TO DETERMINE RISK EROSION, SCOUR, AND LANDSLIDES LOSS OF FUNCTION ECONOMIC LOSS RISKRISK

23. TYPICAL IMPACTS OF FLOODS DAMAGE TO CONTENTS, LOSS OF FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE, RELEASE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, TRANSPORTATION OF DEBRIS, AUTOS, AND HOUSES, ENVIRONMENTAL DEAD ZONES, AND DISEASE VECTORS

24. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR FLOODS

25. Vulnerability: A Vital Part of Risk Assessment FLOOD HAZARDS EVENT VULNERABILITY PEOPLE STRUCTURES PROPERTY ENVIRONMENT INFRASTRUCTURE EXPOSURE EXPECTED LOSS

26. WHAT INCREASES VULNERABILITY MANKIND’S ACTIONS AND NATURAL EVENTS CAN CHANGE THE VULNERABILITY OF ELEMENTS AT RISK TO FLOODS

27. An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of a community’s actions or nature’s actions that change some part of the regional water cycle (e.g., precipitation, storage, runoff, transpiration, evaporation).

28. MANKIND’S CONTRIBUTION An element’s vulnerability (fragility) is the result of flaws that enter during the planning, siting, design, and construction of a community’s buildings and infrastructure.

29. ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE KEY PARTS OF THE WATER CYCLE Urban development or industrial development in areas that were formerly wetlands. Locating buildings and infrastructure in a river floodplain.

30. MANKIND’S ACTIONS THAT CHANGE SOME PART OF THE WATER CYCLE Actions that increase or decrease river gradients (deforestation, dams, etc). Actions that change the runoff pattern or rate (e.g., the city’s concrete footprint )

31. NATURE’S ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE THE NORMAL WATER CYCLE A flash flood. Ice jams/ice dams on the river Rapid melt of snow and ice Extreme or prolonged precipitation caused by stalled low-pressure systems.

32. LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN FLOODS INUNDATION INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STRUCTURE & CONTENTS: DAMAGE FROM WATER WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS) EROSION AND MUDFLOWS CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

33. A RISK ASSESSMENT A risk assessment involves the probabilistic integration of: The hazard (e.g., floods) and their potential disaster agents (inundation, erosion, etc) that are directly related to the location of the community and what happens in the regional water cycle.

34. RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) The location of each element of the exposure in relation to the physical demands of the hazard (i.e., inundation, etc.)

35. RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) The exposure (e.g., people, and elements of the community’s built environment), represents the potential loss when the natural hazard occurs.

36. RISK ASSESSMENT (Continued) The vulnerability (or fragility) of each element comprising the exposure when subjected to the potential disaster agents.

37. POLICY ADOPTION RISK ASSESSMENT VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY EXPOSUREEXPOSURE EVENTEVENT POLICY ASSESSMENT COSTCOST BENEFITBENEFIT CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT LEADS TO DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION FLOODSFLOODS EXPECTED LOSS

38. REQUIRED INFORMATION Physical characteristics of the regional drainage system. Physical characteristics of each river system and its floodplain. Physical characteristics of the regional water cycle.

39. REQUIRED INFORMATION Physical characteristics of catchment basins, reservoirs, and wetlands in the region. Physical characteristics of dikes, levees, and dams controlling water discharge and flooding in the region.

40. REQUIRED INFORMATION The hazardous materials located in the floodplain.

41. DISASTER-RISK REDUCTION POLICES FOR FLOODS MITIGATION, PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, FORECASTS AND WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION, AND EDUCATIONAL SURGES

42. MITIGATION SANDBAGS, ELEVATED BUILDINGS, ETC

43. PREVENTION DAMS, STORM BARRIERS, LEVEES, SPILLWAYS, CATCHMENT BASINS, RESERVOIRS, WETLANDS, ETC

44. MALAYSIA’S SECONDARY NATURAL HAZARDS EARTHQUAKES and VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (usually from sources outside the country; i.e., Indonesia, not inside)

45. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE GLOBAL “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

46. LATERAL BLAST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH LAVA FLOWS LAHARS TOXIC GASES CAUSES OF RISK DISASTER LABORATORIES

47. A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA - - - Will result in fewer and less complex HEALTH PROBLEMS WILL result in fewer DEATHS AND INJURIES WILL result in shorter and less costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

48. A PARADIGM SHIFT FROM DISASTER PRONENESS TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IS A THREE STEP PROCESS

49. TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to National Disaster Resilience

50. Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge NOTE: A book of Knowledge is everything we know or think we know about Malaysia’s risk-causing hazards

51. BOOK OF BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives KNOWLEDGE - Perspectives On Science, Policy, On Science, Policy, And Change And Change

52. BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE Are “TOOLS” to facilitate a commitment by Malaysia to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future cyclones, floods, landslides earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and droughts, thereby anticipating and preventing disasters

53. WHAT DO WE KNOW? Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21 st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient.

54. Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity in Malaysia to Minimize Likely Impacts in the Next Disaster

55. NOTE: Step 2 is a task for a Nation’s “Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine,” its educational institutions at all levels, and its electronic and print media that provide public information

56. WHAT DO WE KNOW? Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision- making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to recover quickly after a disaster.

57. Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Science- based Decision-making for a Paradigm Shift from the status quo to Disaster Resilience in India

58. NOTE: Step 3 is a task for Malaysia’s “decision-makers,” (i.e., its political leaders, stakeholders, and leading professionals) who have a basis for deciding on the nature and scope of a national paradigm shift

59. LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS INCREASED DEMANDS ON COMMUNITY A DISASTER: INSUFFICIENT CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITY

60. LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS DEMANDS ON COMMUNITY DEMANDS ON COMMUNITY MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF FUTURE OCCURRENCES: CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITY

61. MALAYSIA’SCOMMUNITIESMALAYSIA’SCOMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS NATURAL HAZARDS MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK A PARADIGM SHIFT A PARADIGM SHIFT IN MALAYSIA IN MALAYSIA PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION/PREVENTION EARLY WARNING EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY/RECONSTRUCT. POLICY OPTIONS