1. Change Detection Goal: Use remote sensing to detect change on a landscape over time

2. Change Detection Plan for today –What is change? –Avoiding “uninteresting” change –Methodologies –Dr. Ripple: Examples

3. Change Detection To use remote sensing, the change must be detectable with our instruments –Spectrally Distinguish use from cover Allow sufficient time between images for changes to be noticeable –Spatially Generally, grain size of change event >> pixel size

4. Change Detection Write a list of potential “changes” that you think might be interesting to observe with remote sensing –Any type of remote sensing –Any period of time over which change occurs

5. Change Detection Describing change –abrupt vs. subtle –human vs. natural –“real” vs. detected

6. Change Detection We need to separate interesting change from uninteresting change

7. Change Detection: Uninteresting Change? Phenological changes –Use anniversary date image acquisition Sun angle effects –Radiometrically calibrate –Use anniversary date image acquisition Atmospheric effects –Radiometrically calibrate Geometric –Ensure highly accurate registration

8. Change Detection: Radiometric Calibration Minimize atmospheric, view and sun angle effects Radiometric normalization –Histogram equalization or match –Noise reduction –Haze reduction

9. Change Detection: Radiometric Calibration Histogram matching Band 4 Pixel Count

10. Change Detection: Radiometic Calibration Regression Approach Band 4, 1999 Band 4, 1988 Dark Objects Light Objects

11. Change Detection Atmospheric correction –Model atmospheric effects using radiative transfer models Aerosols, water vapor, absorptive gases

12. Change Detection Methods

13. Change Detection: Methods Basic model: –Inputs: Landsat TM image from Date 1 Landsat TM image from Date 2 –Potential output: Map of change vs. no-change Map describing the types of change

14. Change Detection: Methods Display bands from Dates 1 and 2 in different color guns of display –No-change is greyish –Change appears as non-grey Limited use –On-screen delineation –Masking

15. Change Detection: Methods Image differencing –Date 1 - Date 2 –No-change = 0 –Positive and negative values interpretable –Pick a threshold for change –Often uses vegetation index as start point, but not necessary

16. Image Differencing Image Date 1 Image Date 2 Difference Image = Image 1 - Image 2

17. Change Detection: Methods Image differencing: Pros –Simple (some say it’s the most commonly used method) –Easy to interpret –Robust Cons: –Difference value is absolute, so same value may have different meaning depending on the starting class –Requires atmospheric calibration for expectation of “no- change = zero”

18. Change Detection: Methods Image Ratioing –Date 1 / Date 2 –No-change = 1 –Values less than and greater than 1 are interpretable –Pick a threshold for change

19. Change Detection: Methods Image Ratioing: Pros –Simple –May mitigate problems with viewing conditions, esp. sun angle Cons –Scales change according to a single date, so same change on the ground may have different score depending on direction of change; I.e. 50/100 =.5, 100/50 = 2.0

20. Change Detection Image Difference (TM99 – TM88)Image Ratio (TM99 / TM88)

21. Change Detection: Methods Change vector analysis –In n-dimensional spectral space, determine length and direction of vector between Date 1 and Date 2 Band 3 Band 4 Date 1 Date 2

22. Change Detection: Methods No-change = 0 length Change direction may be interpretable Pick a threshold for change

23. Change Detection: Methods Change detection: Pros –Conceptually appealing –Allows designation of the type of change occurring Cons –Requires very accurate radiometric calibration –Change value is not referenced to a baseline, so different types of change may have same change vector

24. Change Detection: Methods Post-classification (delta classification) –Classify Date 1 and Date 2 separately, compare class values on pixel by pixel basis between dates

25. Change Detection: Methods Post-classification: Pros –Avoids need for strict radiometric calibration –Favors classification scheme of user –Designates type of change occurring Cons –Error is multiplicative from two parent maps –Changes within classes may be interesting

26. Change Detection: Methods Composite Analysis –Stack Date 1 and Date 2 and run unsupervised classification on the whole stack

27. Change Detection: Methods Composite Analysis: Pros –May extract maximum change variation –Includes reference for change, so change is anchored at starting value, unlike change vector analysis and image differencing Cons –May be extremely difficult to interpret classes

28. Change Detection: Summary Radiometric, geometric calibration critical Minimize unwanted sources of change (phenology, sun angle, etc.) Differencing is simple and often effective Post-classification may have multiplicative error Better to have a reference image than not