1. TRENDS IN NICKEL & TITANIUM IN DUAL-SHOCK QUARK-NOVAE (ds-QNe) The Quark-Nova Project: Talk III R. Ouyed U. Calgary

2. QN ejecta SN ejecta Part A: QNe in isolation (r-process) (a very brief account) Part B: Dual-Shock QNe (ds-QNe) ( 56 Ni & 44 Ti) Part C: Predictions (CasA an Atypical case) CONTENT & Collaborators

3. Very efficient at processing A > 130 elements ! Rapid expansion Slow expansion Solar pattern ~0.03 JINA-connection

4. Part B: Dual-Shock QNe (ds-QNe) Depletion of 56 Ni Formation of 44 Ti

5. Collision between the QN-ejecta & SN-ejecta QN-Ejecta/ PROJECTILE nucleonsHeavies t delay t delay = 1 day SN-Ejecta/TARGET Nomoto et al. Nucl. Phys. A 2006

6. Spallation Heavy-ion Collisions nucleons heavies

7. SN-Ejecta Each free nucleon spallates 10 2-3 Ni nuclei.......... 123....123.... 123....123.... 10 GeV 1 GeV 100 MeV Nucleon Spallation: n + Ni @ SNS, about 30 neutrons by hitting 1GeV proton on a heavy nucleus (30 MeV/ejected nucleon roughly)

8. Spallation Products 65630 56-30=26 A 30 26 Al, Si, Ph, S, …

9. 65630 56-12=44 44 Ti from 56 Ni Spallation Fontes et al., Nuc. Phys. A, 71 Raisbeck & Yiuo, PRL, 71 …….. Neutron Energy

10. Spallation: n + Ni Quark-Novae with t delay ~ few days A 30 + +

11. Heavies Heavy-ion collisions: A QN + Ni Accel. AGSSPSRHICLHC √s (GeV) 3-5172005500  inel 21334260 Ni A QN A system = A QN +56 ~ 200 IMF: Intermediate Mass Fragments

12. REGIMES A QN Heavies < 10 days IMFs Ni < 1 day Ti A 30 Long (> 10 days) 56 Ni-rich + A QN Heavies -rich +IMF-poorIntermediate (1 < t < 10) 56 Ni-normal+ 44 Ti-poor +A 30 -poor +IMF-rich Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich OBSERVABLES SN-QN Time Delay

13. Entering the dragon’s den … Part C: Predictions (CasA an Atypical case)

14. Issues with Supernovae and Titanium-44/Nickel-56 trends inferred from Cas A Typical ? Atypical ? => ccSNe must be rare, if we think we understand nucleosynthesis & mass cut (DRAGON improved our understanding) => Ti-44 producing SNe are rare, special. Model should explain high 44 Ti, low 56 Ni Is Cas A.. Woosley et al. Standard Picture: If 44 Ti-rich then 56 Ni-rich

15. Issues with Supernovae and Titanium-44/Nickel-56 trends inferred from Cas A Heavier NS + Rotation ds-QNe Cas A If true

16. Suggestion: Type IIbs (SN1993J & Cas A) as dsQNe with short t delay ! No need for companion! dsQN with t delay < 1day! dsQNe < 10% type II Type II b (3% type II) Quark-Nova Progenitors /18

17. Cas A: Predictions Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich NeedExperiments NeedExperiments QNe Progenitors (25 < M/M sun <60) [QNe rate 1/10 SNe] QNe Naturally kinked to Mass-Function (thus to Fe-dex) Chemical Evolution Venkatessan, Jaikumar & Ouyed QNe Progenitors

18. Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich NeedExperiments NeedExperiments Thank you! quarknova.ucalgary.ca The Quark-Nova Project

19. Cas A: Predictions Short (< day) 56 Ni-poor+ 44 Ti-rich+A 30 -rich+IMF-rich Normal Visual Magnitude + High-v SN NeedExperiments NeedExperiments /18