1. GEOGRAPHY QUIZ Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

2. Early 1900sLate 1900s Land for wheat 500,000 hectares 1,500,000 hectares Wheat yield per hectare 2 tonnes6 tonnes Cultivated land 13 million hectares 12 million hectares Number of farms 500,000250,000 Number of workers 1,000,000500,000

3. Early 1900sLate 1900s Total Output of Wheat Average Farm Size Labour Productivity of Wheat Man-land Ratio

4. Changes in farming Methods Higher degree of mechanization More capital intensive Labour extensive Larger scale of operation More energy subsidies More high order / value-added products More protein-products e.g. poultry Higher intensity of land use

5. Population redistribution mechanization and application of energy subsidies release labour excess labour will go to urban area to seek for employment/rural urban migration to strong market linkage with the urban promotes interaction and communication between rural and urban some urban residents will migrate to rural for seeking better living environment / counter-urbanization

6. Loss of Cultivated land marginal land became abandoned due to shortage of labour land was use to develop public and social facilities due to social and economic development e.g. roads development of residential area for migrants from urban area development of non-rural activities such as recreational area

7. Causes Industrialization and economic development in urban area provide better employment opportunities and higher living standard growth of urban population create greater market for high order farming products (market gardening products) technological improvement in farming techniques urban expansion such as urban sprawl and suburbanization

8. Region distance from urban market Intensive farming (%) d A 48 59 B 37 58 C 32 54 D 28 45 E 25 20 F 15 40 G 12 42

9. Spearman’s rank correlation n= n 2 = n(n 2 -1)= 6 X d 2 = 7 49 7X(49-1)=336

10. Region distance from urban market Abandoned Land (%) d A 48 34 B 37 33 C 32 31 D 28 29 E 25 64 F 15 38 G 12 36

11. Spearman’s rank correlation n=7 n 2 =49 n(n 2 -1)=336 6 X d 2 =

12. Spearman’s rank correlation Strong positive correlation No significant correlation Strong negative correlation -0.5 =slight negative correlation Percentage of abandoned land slight decreases as distance from urban market increases Percentage of abandoned land varies with different distance from urban market +1= 0= -1=

13. It is because Anticipation of urban encroachment decreases as distance from urban market increases There are many factors that will affect the decision of the farmers. The personal and behavioural factors should be considered. Farmers near to urban market may be affected by negative impact of urban activities. Farmers far away from urban market may give up farmland with poor accessibility and shortage of irrigation water Urban sprawl may not be regular and anticipation may not be direct proportion to distance