1. System Programming Practical Session 4: Concurrency / Safety

2. Safety Running several threads in parallel is not safe. Unpredictable results on shared resources. Design aproaches towards avoiding safety problems Thread confinement Immutability Locking / Synchronization

3. Shared Resources Shared resource - A resource that is visible to several threads. Objects that may be visisble to several threads - Are not safe. Objectst that cannot be shared (local function variables) - Are safe.

4. 1.class Foo{ 2. public static double NUMBER = 33.3; } 3.class ClassA { 4.public long i; 5.public Vector v; 6.public ClassA (){/* … */} 7.public void doSomething( long x, List lst){ 8. long localVar = 0; 9. Object o; 10. o = this.v.elementAt(2); // 1 11. localVar += 2; // 2 12. this.i += 2; // 3 13. x += 2; // 4 14. lst.elementAt(2); // 5 15. Foo.NUMBER = 4; // 6 16. localVar = Foo.NUMBER; // 7 17. } } 1.class TaskA implements Runnable { 2. private ClassA a; 3. private List lst; 4. public long r; 5.// … some code …. 6. public void run(){ 7. this.r = 2; // 8 8. this.a.doSomething( 9, lst); // 9 8. } 9. } 10. class Main { 11. public static void main( String[] args){ 13. ClassA o1 = new ClassA(); 14. Thread t1 = new Thread(new TaskA(o1)); 15. t1.start(); 16. // … some code …. } }

5. Thread Confinement A resource that is used exclusively by a one single thread is confined to the thread. If all the resources of a method are confined, then it is safe.

6. 1.public class ThreadConfinedExample 2. { 3. //ThreadConfined 4. public Car createCar() { 5. Engine e = new FuelEngine(); 6. List doors = new LinkedList (); 7. doors.add(new FrontDoor()); 8. doors.add(new FrontDoor()); 9. doors.add(new BackDoor()); 10. doors.add(new BackDoor()); 11. Radio r = new AMFMRadio(); 12. 13. Car c = new Car(e, doors, r); 14. 15. return c; 16. } 17.}

7. 1.public class ThreadNotConfinedExample 2. { 3. // NotThreadConfined 4. public Car createCar(Engine e){ 5. List doors = new LinkedList ; 6. doors.add(new FrontDoor()); 7 doors.add(new FrontDoor()); 8. doors.add(new BackDoor()); 9. doors.add(new BackDoor()); 10. Radio r = new AMFMRadio()); 11. 12. Car c = new Car(e, doors, r); 13. 14. return c; 15. } 16.}

8. Immutability An immutable object’s state cannot be changed after construction. Examples: String Integer

9. Immutability An object is immutable if All primitive fields are final. All other fields are references to immutable objects. The object has been safely published: Reference to this hasn't escaped during construction. No thread has accessed the object before the construction completed.

10. ‘this’ escape example Public class ClassA{ ………….. public void setB(ClassB objB) { … } ……… } Public class ClassB{ …………… public ClassB(ClassA objA){ //constructor …………… objA.setB(this); } …………… }

11. Immutability An object with references to mutable objects can still be immutable! A class will be immutable if all of the following are true: 1.All of its fields are final 2.The class is declared final 3.The this reference is not allowed to escape during construction 4.Any fields that contain references to mutable objects, such as arrays, collections, or mutable classes: Are private Are never returned or otherwise exposed to callers Are the only reference to the objects that they reference Do not change the state of the referenced objects after construction

12. public final class ThreeStooges { private final Set stooges = new HashSet (); public ThreeStooges() { stooges.add("Moe"); stooges.add("Larry"); stooges.add("Curly"); } public boolean isStooge(String name) { return stooges.contains(name); }

13. Synchronization A mechanism allowing safely accessing shared resources. A thread accessing a synchronized method locks the object. The object cannot be accessed by other threads while it is locked.

14. Synchronization 1. Class Even{ 2. private long n = 0; 3. public long next(){ 4. n++; 5. n++; 6. return n; 7. } 8. }

15. Synchronization 1. Class Even{ 2. private long n = 0; 3. public synchronized long next(){ 4. n++; 5. n++; 6. return n; 7. } 8. }

16. Synchronizing a block 1.public int foo() { 2. // do something safe 3. synchronized(this) { 4. // do something 5. return 9; 6. } 7. }

17. Solution to safety problem Printer Example (from practical session 1) 1.class Printer { 2. Printer() {} 3. /** 4. * @param i line number 5. * @param s the string to concatenate 40 times 6. */ 7. public synchronized void printALine(int i, String s) { 8. System.out.print(i + ") "); 9. for (int j = 0; j < 40; j++) { 10. System.out.print(s); 11. } 12. System.out.println(); 13. } 14.}

18. 1.public class GoodSynchronization{ 2. public static void main(String[] a) { 3. Printer p = new Printer(); 4. Thread t1 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("a", p) ); 5. Thread t2 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("b", p) ); 6. t1.start(); // prints some lines of aaaa 7. t2.start(); // prints some lines of bbbb 8. } } 9.class SimpleAsynchronousTask implements Runnable { 10. Printer m_p; 11. String m_name; 12. public SimpleAsynchronousTask(String name, Printer p) { 13. m_p = p; 14. m_name = name; 15. } 16. public void run() { 17. for (int i = 0; i<50; i++) { 18. m_p.printALine(i, m_name); 19. } 20. } }

19. Wrong solution #1 1.public class BadSynchronization2 2. public static void main(String[] a) { 3. Printer p1 = new Printer(); 4. Printer p2 = new Printer(); 5. Thread t1 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("a", p1) ); 6. Thread t2 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("b", p2) ); 7. 8. t1.start(); // prints some lines of aaaa 9. t2.start(); // prints some lines of bbbb 10. } 11.} 12. 13.class SimpleAsynchronousTask implements Runnable { 14......the same like GoodSynchronization.java 15.class Printer { 16......the same like GoodSynchronization.java 17.}

20. Wrong solution #2 (no printer object) 1.class BadSynchronization { 2. public static void main(String[] a) { 3. Thread t1 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("a") ); 4. Thread t2 = new Thread( new SimpleAsynchronousTask("b") ); 5. t1.start(); // prints some lines of aaaa 6. t2.start(); // prints some lines of bbbb 7. } 8.} 9. 10.class SimpleAsynchronousTask implements Runnable { 11......the same like GoodSynchronization.java 12. public synchronized void printALine(int i, String s) { 13. System.out.print(i + ") "); 14. for (int j = 0; j < 40; j++) System.out.print(s); 15. System.out.println(); 16. } 17.}

21. Summary The most useful policies for using and sharing objects in a concurrent program are: Thread-confined Shared read-only Shared thread-safe