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3. Genetic diversity: source of variations that enable populations to adapt to environmental changes Species diversity: important in maintaining structure of communities and food webs Ecosystem diversity: provides life-sustaining services such as nutrient cycling and waste decomposition 3

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Philippine eagle Yangtze River dolphin 4

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10. 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 pH 1960 ’65’70’75’80’85 Year ’90 ’95 2000 ’05 ’10 10

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Small population Lower reproduction, higher mortality Inbreeding, genetic drift Loss of genetic variability Smaller population Lower individual fitness and population adaptability 11

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Results 200 150 100 50 0 197019751980198519901995 Translocation Year (a) Population dynamics Number of male birds Eggs hatched (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Years (b) Hatching rate 1970–’74 ’75–’79’80–’84’85–’89’90’93–’97 12

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17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Equator Earth’s terrestrial ( ) and marine ( ) biodiversity hot spots 17

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Kilometers Biotic boundary for short-term survival; MVP is 50 individuals. Biotic boundary for long-term survival; MVP is 500 individuals. MONTANA WYOMING IDAHO MONTANA IDAHO 0 50100 Yellowstone National Park Grand Teton National Park Snake R. 18

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Costa Rica Nicaragua CARIBBEAN SEA PACIFIC OCEAN National park land Buffer zone 19

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21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Smelt 1.04 ppm Concentration of PCBs Lake trout 4.83 ppm Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm 21

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pharmaceuticals Farm animals Sludge Manure Farms Agricultural runoff Treated effluent Lakes and rivers Sewage treatment plant Toilet Humans 22

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Year Temperature Average global temperature (  C) CO 2 concentration (ppm) CO 2 19601965197019751980198519901995200020052010 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 390 380 370 360 350 340 320 310 300 330 23

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Current range (b) 4.5  C warming over next century (c) 6.5  C warming over next century 24

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 40003000200010000 BCE CE 1000 2000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Human population (billions) 8000 25

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Year 19501975200020252050 Projected data 2011 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Annual percent increase 1.8 2.0 2.2 26

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.  300 150–300 50–150 10–50  10 Energy use (GJ): 27