1. Spatial and Ballistic Analysis Conducted Pursuant to Pennsylvania House Resolution 61 Relative to the Question: “Do Shotguns and Muzzleloaders Pose Less Risk than Centerfire Rifles for Hunting Deer in Pennsylvania?” Prepared by: MountainTop Technologies, Inc. March 28, 2007

2. Purpose, Objective and Approach Purpose: To answer the question “Do shotguns and muzzleloaders pose less risk than centerfire rifles for hunting deer in Pennsylvania?” Objective: To provide a scientific basis for policy pertaining to the mandatory use of shotguns and muzzleloaders for deer hunting in designated areas of Pennsylvania. Approach: Compare the danger areas of firearm- ammunition combinations and representative cases of error

3. Important Assumptions The typical hunter exercises reasonable care Hunters will tend to use the best available legal firearm-ammunition combination The typical hunter will discharge the firearm at a height of 3 feet to impact a standing deer at approximately 3 feet height The projectile’s trajectory will most frequently be approximately level with the general trend of the earth’s surface –A hunter may discharge the firearm above a 0 degree angle of elevation –The majority of these discharges will be at an angle of 10 degrees or less –Discharges at an angle delivering the maximum range are possible but not frequent The firearm-ammunition combinations used in this report are representative of those used to hunt deer in Pennsylvania

4. Legend Counties Total Incidents (366 Incidents) 0 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 9 10 - 16 17 - 23 Incidents Firearm Type (313 Incidents) Muzzleloader Pistol Rifle Shotgun Unknown Special Regulations Areas Reported Incidents Since 1998 Since 1998, 464 reported incidents, 98 incidents not associated with hunting deer; of the 366 remaining incidents: No rifle incidents in Special Regulations Areas 19% of the incidents occurred in Special Regulations Areas 75% of the incidents involved rifles (None of which happened in Special Regulations Areas) 21% of the incidents involved shotguns 4% of the incidents involved muzzleloaders

5. Legend Counties Incidents Firearm Type Muzzleloader Pistol Rifle Shotgun Unknown Special Regulations Areas 2nd Order Hot Spots 1st Order Hot Spots Hotspot Analysis Counties with First Order Clusters: Adams Allegheny Bucks Cumberland Lancaster Lehigh Montgomery Northampton Somerset York Counties with Second Order Clusters: Adams Berks Bucks Chester Lehigh Montgomery Northampton York

6. Maximum Range as Represented in the 1998 Report

7. Firing Conditions (Errors)

8. Rifle-Ammunition 30-06 Springfield soft point Mass = 150 grains, MV = 2910 fps

9. Shotgun-Ammunition 12 gauge sabot.50 caliber HP semi-spitzer Mass = 385 grains, MV = 1900 fps

10. Muzzleloader-Ammunition.50 caliber CVA Powerbelt Mass = 348 grains, MV = 1595 fps

11. Ricochet Distance Initial and ricochet trajectories were computed Trajectory Plots are provided with both initial and maximum ricochet distances

13. Trajectories for 35° Firing Elevation No ricochets after impact

14. Maximum Ranges No Ricochet Firing Elevation at 35 degrees AmmunitionInitial Impact Distance (ft) Ricochet Distance (ft) Difference Distance (ft) % Less than Rifle Rifle (.30-06 150 grains)13926 0InitialRicochet Shotgun (.50 cal 385 grains)10378 025% Muzzleloader (.50 cal 348 grains)9197 034%

15. Trajectories for 10° Firing Elevation

16. 10 o Elevation with Ricochet Band Thickness is Ricochet Firing Elevation at 10 degrees AmmunitionInitial Impact Distance (ft) Ricochet Distance (ft) Difference Distance (ft) % Less than Rifle Rifle (.30-06 150 grains)1000410706702InitialRicochet Shotgun (.50 cal 385 grains)7163811294928%24% Muzzleloader (.50 cal 348 grains)6247716091338%33%

17. Trajectories for 5° Firing Elevation

18. 5 o Elevation with Ricochet Band Thickness is Ricochet Firing Elevation at 5 degrees AmmunitionInitial Impact Distance (ft) Ricochet Distance (ft) Difference Distance (ft) % Less than Rifle Rifle (.30-06 150 grains)750487431239InitialRicochet Shotgun (.50 cal 385 grains)51186865174732%21% Muzzleloader (.50 cal 348 grains)43676010164342%31%

19. Trajectories for 0° Firing Elevation

20. 0 o Elevation with Ricochet Band Thickness is the Ricochet Firing Elevation at ~0 degrees AmmunitionInitial Impact Distance (ft) Ricochet Distance (ft) Difference Distance (ft) % Less than Rifle Rifle (.30-06 150 grains)140848353427InitialRicochet Shotgun (.50 cal 385 grains)8405205436540%-8% Muzzleloader (.50 cal 348 grains)6864498381251%7%

21. Affected Area as a Percent of the Rifle Danger Area Firearm-Ammunition Combination Percent of Rifle Danger Area 35 deg. Firing Elevation 10 deg. Firing Elevation 5 deg. Firing Elevation ~0 deg. Firing Elevation Rifle (.30-06 150 grain) 100.0% Shotgun (.50 cal 385 grain) 55.5%57.4%61.7%115.9% Muzzleloader (.50 cal 348 grain) 43.6%44.7%47.3%86.5%

22. Conclusions Conventional wisdom is not always true When considering extreme, high, and moderate firing errors: –shotguns and muzzleloaders are less risky than the centerfire rifle When firing with smaller or no aiming error: – a shotgun proved to be riskier than a centerfire rifle The muzzleloader was always less risky than both the rifle and shotgun Eliminating or controlling the ricochet seems essential if the shotgun is to be used as an effective risk management option

23. Recommendations Address the public perception that a shotgun is less risky than centerfire rifles in all circumstances Reduced ricochet projectiles should be investigated