1. The Church Wields Power

2. Explain the structure of the ChurchPOPEBISHOPS PRIESTS

3. How did the Church control most aspects of life? The church had not only religious power but also political, social, & economic power. POLITICAL POWER  Excommunication: no sacrament, no burial in sacred grounds, shunned by Christians  Interdict: excludes entire towns, kingdoms

4. SOCIAL POWER  Sacrament: important religious ceremony  Canon Law: law of the church  Local priest are part of daily life  Baptism  Marriage  Helping the poor  Church is social center ECONOMIC POWER  Tithe: 10% income tax paid to church

5. What affect did Otto I have on Europe?  Tried to be like Charlemagne  Alliance w/ church  Limited power of nobles  Invaded Italy on Pope’s behalf Crowned emperor by Pope in 962  Created Holy Roman Empire

6. The Roman Catholic Church’s Political Struggle Pope Gov’tVs. Spiritual & SecularSecular, “Divine Right” Church believes it has the power to Crown & “un-crown”. Popes are Superior! (Remember Charlemagne?)

7. What was the Investiture Struggle?  Investiture-ceremony where high church officials were appointed by kings  Ability to appoint bishops=POWER  King wants more power to appoint Bishops & run kingdoms  Pope says No!  Kings like Henry IV say Yes!!!!  What happens?

8. Henry the IV vs. Pope Gregory I appoint Bishops No, I do! 1 2 Henry is Excommunicated, And then Interdicted

9. 3 Angry people & Princes Revolt So Henry has to… 4 Kiss, kiss Beg for Forgiveness 5 Church says OK! Henry & the Pope Are Friends… Sort of…… What’s Henry thinking?

10. So, Henry goes home and crushes the revolting people and pro-church Princes. Then…. 6 7 What does Henry do next? Goes back to Rome and… 8 This leads to the CONCORDAT OF WORMS Who Wins ? Pope, you’re Exiled!

11. What was the Concordat of Worms?  Compromise btw Church & Kings  Church gets to choose & appoint bishops but king could veto the choice

12. What were some of the problems in the Church during the Age of Faith?  Some priests were nearly illiterate  Church officials had become immoral  Clergy cared more about feudal role than religious role  Some village priests married & had families  Simony-Bishops sold church positions  Practice of lay investiture

13. WHAT WERE THE TWO TYPES OF CATHEDRALS?

14. Romanesque Cathedrals  Built between 800 and 1100  Thick walls  Round arches  Few windows

15. Gothic Cathedrals  Ornate, tall windows  Ribbed vaults & flying buttresses helped to support weight  Stained glass windows  Pointed arches

16. Which one of these is Gothic? Which one is Romanesque??

17. How did the Crusades begin?  Byzantine emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks  Pope heard of this & called for a “holy war” or Crusade to take back the Holy Land

18. What were the goals of the Crusades?  Pope wanted to:  Reclaim Palestine  Reunite Christendom  Get rid of troublesome knights  Chance for riches and adventure  Gain control of trade routes from Muslims

19. Explain the events and outcomes of the First & Second Crusades.  Pope promised that those who died on Crusades would make it to heaven  Not prepared; no plan to retake Jerusalem  Attacked for > a month  July 15, 1099-Crusaders captured Jerusalem  Won small strip of land

20. Explain the events & outcome of the Third Crusade.  1187-Jerusalem falls to Saladin  Crusade led by  Richard the Lion-Hearted of England  Phillip II of France (Argued with Richard and left)  Frederick I of Germany (Drowned on the way)  1192-Saladin and Richard sign a truce  Jerusalem remained under Muslim control  Christians could visit the holy places

21. Explain the events & outcomes of the last Crusades.  1204-4 th Crusade  Knights never reached holy lands  Looted Constantinople instead  1200s-5 th -8 th Crusades  All unsuccessful  9 th & 10 th Crusades  Marched to Egypt rather than holy land Map of the Crusaders Routes

22. What were the Spanish Crusades?  Moors (Muslims) controlled most of Spain until the 1100s  Reconquista-attempts by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain  1400s-Muslims only control Grenada  1492-Ferdinand & Isabella take Grenada Used Inquisition-Church court used to suppress heresy Heresy-religious beliefs that differed from Church teachings Focused on Muslims & Jews

23. Effects of the Crusades  Example of Church power  Women gained some power by running estates while husbands were away  Trade expanded btw Europe & SW Asia  Failure led to a decline in the power of the Pope & feudal lords  Increased power of kings  Knights lost $ & many lost their lives  Relationship btw Christians and Muslims, and Jews worsened