1. THOR A thunderstorm experiment on the International Space Station First attempt with Denmark’s first astronaut: Andreas Mogensen 2-12 September, 2015 Torsten Neubert, +45 2622 4265; neubert@space.dtu.dk; DTU Space Olivier Chanrion, DTU Space Niels Larsen, Martin Stendel, Peter Langen Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut Elisabeth Blanc, Commisariate a l’Energie Atomique Yoav Yair, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel

2. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk2DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark 90 km 12 km 50 km Troposfæren Stratosfæren Mesosfæren

3. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk3DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Some questions What are they ? Why discovered so late? What happens above thunderstorms?

4. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk4DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark WHAT HAPPENS ABOVE THUNDERSTORMS?

5. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk5DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark The Atmosphere

6. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk6DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark What will THOR do? THOR will study what happens above thunderstorms: 1.Thunderstorm clouds penetrating into the stratosphere 2.Lightning in the stratosphere and mesosphere generated above thunderstorms … sprites, jets, and gigantic jets 3.Internal gravity waves in the airglow layer at the mesopause … generated by thunderstorm convection The topics are important for our understanding of the role of thunderstorms in the dynamics of the atmosphere and the variability of the climate Sprites above lightning in cloud Gravitywaves at the mesopause Cloud top penetrating into the stratosphere

7. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk7DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Thunderclouds Water transport to the top of the troposphere and into the stratosphere Turbulent mixing of troposphere and stratosphere air Gravity waves to the mesosphere

8. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk8DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark High-altitude lightning Time and size scale as 1/N We can study lightning processes in the troposphere that are very difficult to measure

9. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk9DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Gravity waves Deposit energy in the mesosphere and push circulation. Constituents at polar latitude, modified by space weather sink into the troposphere

10. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk10DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Can we quantify the effects of thunderstorms with data from the next generation meteorological satellites

11. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk11DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark How is it done? Astronauts take images through the windows of the ISS On ground we predict the location of thunderstorms up to 3 days in advance and when the ISS will pass over the them We also specify which window to use and where to point the camera, and which lens, filter and camera settings to use. The information is passed to the B.USOC (Belgian User Science Operations Center) which uploads the information to the ISS. Measurements are taken if they fit within the astronaut schedule Data are analyzed with lightning- and other data The Cupola The Russian Pirs module

12. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk12DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark

13. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk13DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark

14. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk14DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark THOR with the IRISS mission of Andreas Mogensen, Denmark’s first astronaut THOR will be conducted for the first time by Andreas Mogensen during the IRISS mission It will continue with other astronauts coming after Andreas Andreas will photograph through the windows of the Russian Pirs module We expect two 10-min periods of observations The objective of Andreas’ experiment is to test the experiment concept and procedures for target prediction and communication to the ISS Pirs

15. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk15DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark THOR’s Internationale Kontekst En række rummissioner vil de næste år måle på tordenstorme med optiske kameraer.

16. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk16DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark THOR and ASIM THOR complements ASIM, “the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor” for the ISS in 2017. ASIM observes thunderstorms viewing towards the nadir (down-wards towards the Earth) THOR astronauts take photographs towards the Earth’s limb. It is the goal to further develop the THOR concept with astronauts following Andreas and to execute THOR simultaneously with ASIM, giving a view of thunderstorms at two complementing viewing geometries. Lightning nadir Gigantic Jet limb

17. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk17DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark CNES: TARANIS efterår 2017

18. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk18DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark NASA/DoD: LIS-ISS 2016

19. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk19DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark NASA/NOAH: GOES – R 2016

20. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk20DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark ESA/EUMETSAT: MTG 2018

21. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk21DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark The context – an extraordinary suite of space instrumentation for thunderstorm observations BLUE: Next generation geostationary meteorological satellites, for the first time with optical cameras for detection of lightning. And fantastic resolution cloud imaging. NASA/NOAH GOES and ESA/EUMETSAT MTG RED: Research missions with optical cameras for lightning detection. TARANIS and ASIM with additional instrumentation.

22. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk22DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Ingredients for thunderstorms –Water vapor, instability, convection Likely location –Africa, Northern South America, Asia Likely local time –From the afternoon to past midnight

23. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk23DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark 3 hour precipitation Lifted index CAPE Identified targets are shown as circles x

24. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk24DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark

25. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk25DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark 72 hour prognoses of thunderstorms Y. Yair / IDC Herzliya Israel - M. Stendel / DMI Thunderst orms Quality July 29 th 0600 UT July 29 th 1200 UT July 29 th 1800 UT July 29 th 2100 UT July 30 th 0600 UT July 30 th 1200 UT July 30 th 1800 UT July 30 th 2100 UT July 31 st 0600 UT July 31 st 1200 UT July 31 st 1800 UT Guine- Bissau *** 9.622 -14.41 9.622 -14.414 10.769 -17.534 11.687 -18.55 10.79 -17.512 10.79 -17.51 11.211 -18.23 11.846 -18.105 12.994 -18.545 12.705 -19.281 12.726 -18.07 Solomon Islands *** -6.839 169.1 -7.068 169.29 -5.922 166.597 -6.523 165.87 -6.141 164.53 -5.824 164.19 -5.739 164.93 -5.799 165.29 -5.802 166.41 -6.34 167.429 -6.08 166.16 Pakistan ** 24.20 73.30 24.207 73.301 23.926 73.345 22.363 91.711 22.734 91.56 22.391 91.296 22.533 91.011 21.892 91.637 21.555 91.198 21.555 91.198 21.514 91.566 Bay of Bengal *** 21.18 91.75 21.181 91.75 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 19.705 89.747 Pacific ITCZ *** 7.123 -121.5 7.199 -122.39 7.199 -122.39 7.199 -122.39 7.035 -124.75 7.428 -126.0 7.428 -126.0 7.428 -126.05 8.108 -128.75 8.097 -129.79 8.097 -129.79

26. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk26DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark O. Chanrion / DTU Space (med Gpredict software) ISS orbit prediction

27. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk27DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark INFO passed to B.USOC TARGETTypeStartEndStart PointingWindowQuality 1CTs 212/06:38212/06:42 Az: -2.9 º El -20.1 º PORT *** 2CTs 212/07:28212/07:32 Az: 124.9 º El -47.3 º STBD *** 3TLEs 212/12:57212/13:01 Az: -10.9 º El -20.1 º PORT *** 4TLEs 212/13:38212/13:42 Az: 90.1 º El -29.5 º STBD ** Target 3TLEs above Bay of_BengalQuality *** Day Start Time End Time ISS Site Pointing 2015/07/31 Nightime 212/12:57 212/13:01 Target on PORT side, coming from horizon Start Az: -10.9 º El -20.1 º End Az: -59.5 º El -44.8 º

28. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk28DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark Hilsen fra Andreas

29. 27/08/2015DTU Space lunch talk29DTU Space, Technical University of Denmark SLUT – FIN – THE END THOR blog på rumrejsen.dk